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THE RESTORATION OF ARISTOTLE
The “Recovery of Aristotle” (or Rediscovery) refers to the copying or re-translating of most of Aristotle’s books (of ancient Greece), from Greek or Arabic text into Latin, during the Middle Ages, of the Latin West. The Recovery of Aristotle spanned about 100 years, from the middle 12th century into the 13th century, and copied or translated over 42 books (see: Corpus Aristotelicum), The recovery of Aristotle’s texts is considered a major period in medieval philosophy, leading to Aristotelianism. Because some of Aristotle’s newly translated views discounted the notions of a personal God, immortal soul, or creation, various leaders of the Catholic Church were inclined to censor those views for decades, such as lists of forbidden books in the Condemnations of 1210–1277 at the University of Paris.
In the 4th century, the Roman grammarian Marius Victorinus translated two of Aristotle’s books, about logic, into Latin: the Categories and On Interpretation (De Interpretatione).[2] A little over a century later, most of Aristotle’s logical works, except perhaps for the Posterior Analytics, had been translated by Boethius, c. 510–512[2] (see: Corpus Aristotelicum). However, only Boethius’s translations of the Categories and On Interpretation had entered into general circulation before the 12th century. All in all, only a few major works of Aristotle were never translated into Arabic.[4] Of these, the fate of Politics in particular remains uncertain.[5]
The rest of Aristotle’s books were eventually translated into Latin, but over 600 years later, from about the middle of the 12th century. First, the rest of the logical works were finished,[1] by using the translations of Boethius as the basis.[6] Then came the Physics, followed by the Metaphysics (12th century), and Averroes’ Commentary on Aristotle’s Metaphysics (13th century),[3] so that all works were translated by the mid-13th century.[2]
A text like On the Soul, for instance, was unavailable in Latin in Christian Europe before the middle of the twelfth century.[7] The first Latin translation is due to James of Venice (12th century), and has always been considered as the translatio vetus (ancient translation).[8] The second Latin translation (translatio nova, new translation) was made from the Arabic translation of the text around 1230, and it was accompanied by Averroes’s commentary; the translator is generally thought to be Michael Scot. James’s translatio vetus was then revised by William of Moerbeke in 1266–7, and became known as the “recensio nova” (new recension), which was the most widely read version.[9] On the Soul ended up becoming a component of the core curriculum of philosophical study in most medieval universities, giving birth to a very rich tradition of commentaries, especially c. 1260–1360.[10]
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Source date (UTC): 2020-08-24 22:36:37 UTC
Original post: https://gab.com/curtd/posts/104746752160951120
Replying to: https://gab.com/curtd/posts/104746743739200664
IN REPLY TO:
@curtd
THE CURRENT COUNTER-REVOLUTION AGAINST EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION IS A REVOLT AGAINST THE PHYSICAL, NATURAL, AND EVOLUTIONARY LAWS. 1) The enlightenment in every country and culture was a counter-revolution against anglo empiricism – other peoples simply couldn’t function as did the English, any more than others could function as did the Greek and Roman. 2) We are currently going through the Jewish counter-enlightenment against science. The difference is that while the Jewish and Chinese and Russian, and Indian revolutions all occurred at the same time, the Jewish revolution is within and we are paying the cost of it due to their excellence at verbal exposition. 3) We frame history as the enlightenment and the industrial revolution, but that’s false. We had the Aristotelian restoration in 1200, the printing press and literacy 1450, Constantinople was defeated in 1402, but not occupied until 1453 so the 1453 date describes the last vestige not a dramatic turn. Instead, there is a rapid restoration of Europe from the pure of Islam from Spain, the restoration of Aristotle, restoration of trade, restoration of literacy, to the age of sail, the agrarian revolution, the financial and commercial (merchantile) revolution, the expansion of empirical rule of law, the scientific revolution, culminating in the industrial revolution, the technological revolution, the biological revolution. What I find terrifying is that if Athens and Sparta had not gone to war with one another as Germany and England went to war with one another, that we very likely would have had the industrial revolution by the 3d century AD. And never had a Semitic dark age. (MORE…)
Original post: https://gab.com/curtd/posts/104746743739200664
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