The so called enlightenment is a mental self deception for the purpose of obtaining signals at a discount and nothing more. The enlightenment view of man was a myth invented to justify the taking if power from the landed nobility. It was that aristocracy that created western excellencies that made us unique in the world, and that we now spend for signaling discounts. Enlightenment principles are genocidal. And we see that in the reproductive data. Liberals don’t breed.
Form: Critique
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Heidegger Is An Intellectual Date Rapist. đ
COMMENT ON HEIDEGGER You are teaching me about these nutty people, and it’s…. it’s awful. Its, well….. it’s like talking to a woman that’s trying to get you to engage with her emotionally so that she can manipulate you with those emotions. Like Huck Finn trying to gut us to a paint the fence. Just with more elaborate language. This is quite separate from the agreement to engage in argument for the pursuit of true statements – understanding the quality of an argument. Which is quite separate from the agreement to engage in argument for the purpose of cooperation: consent on property (action). You cannot read this nonsense without FIRST agreeing to the value judgements that he makes about experience. If man seeks to escape the sentimental and rise to the rational, whether the origins of those sentiments be biological, or normative, or uncommon events, he can give himself the option to experience what he wishes, and in doing so may train himself to wish what is good for him. But I can find no circumstance where feminine perspective is of value for other than circular argument. The feminine perspective exists only to forbid outliers (alphas) from gaining too much control and depriving them of choice of mates and survival of offspring. It’s not rational, it’s not a ‘good’ for rational creatures, and in an industrialized society it does nothing except promote dysgenia and overconsumption of the world’s resources. You can say that a thing is possible, and that it’s possible to gain pleasure from it. But that’s different from saying its a ‘good’ independent of our primitive senses. I mean we can all seek physical pleasures. We can seek it in liesure, in sex, in food, in acquisition of things, in acquisition of experiences, in conversation, in artificially induced states via drugs, in artificially induced states by repetition of experiences (most eastern tactics), or in artificially induced states by repetition of reason (the western model.) These states can all be achieved. We are happy to say that many drugs that give us great pleasure damage our bodies. We are happy to say that many sexual experiences give us pleasure at the cost of being ostracized from much of society. We can say that contravening norms gives us pleasure, at the cost of ostracization, and economic hardship. We can say that repetitive internal reflection minimizes the necessity of problem solving through cooperation with others, and therefore the minimization of rejection stimuli. WE can say that repetitive internal reflection can train us to habituate any number of our more primitive, and therefore ‘cheaper’ stimuli such as the feeling of euphoria from pack membership, or the ‘undiscovered valley’ of resource richness. But each of these actions has a short term cost and a longer term consequence for the individual and for the group. The feeling of using certain drugs is unreachable by any other experience but the body degrades quickly. On the opposite end of the spectrum, excessive training that allows us to obtain cheap internal pleasure has led all societies that operate by that mechanism to ignorance and poverty. The profit from learning to interact with the physical world so that we may transform it, and how to interact with others to cooperate in transforming it, has few consequences. So perhaps I do not understand the logic here. Other than from my perspective, like a manipulative woman, Heidegger attempts to seduce us into a form of consent before we know the terms and consequences of doing so. In other words, Heidegger us using deceptive language as a the intellectual equivalent of a date rape drug. -Curt (PS: Kinda doubt you’ll find that comment elsewhere.) lol
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Defending Libertarianism Wherever I Need To – Today’s Edition
From Politicus USA “Real Liberal Politics” http://www.politicususa.com/seriously-libertarians-wtf.html
WHY CAN’T LIBERTARIANS EXPLAIN THEIR IDEOLOGY?
There is a reason that the term âlibertarianâ cannot be explained, the same way social democrats cannot explain marxist theory (which is extremely elaborate. Like leftism, Libertarianism can refer to a sentiment (the preference for liberty above all other moral ambitions). It can refer to a moral conviction that liberty produces âgoodsâ. It can refer to a political preference â which is the minimization or elimination of bureaucracy because all bureaucracy becomes self serving. It can refer to an economic model that suggests liberty will provide the most competitive and wealthiest economy for all. It can refer to a political model, such as Classical Liberalism, Private government or Anarcho Capitalism. It can refer to a specific and rigid philosophical doctrine that states that all exchanges must be voluntary and devoid of fraud theft or violence. And in the classical liberal model, additionally, that transactions may not cause externalities (external involuntary transfers), and that norms and the commons are forms of property we must pay for through forgone opportunities for self gratification. But whether anarchic or classical liberal, or anything in between, the guiding principle is that all rights can be reduced to property rights, and the only ârightsâ we can possess are those that are reducible to property rights. Libertarianism is, aside from marxism, the most analytically rigorous political theory that exists. So a person who refers to himself as a libertarian, may be correct in that he prefers less government and more personal liberty, for anything from a sentimental desire, to a fully and rationally articulated philosophical, economic and political model. So if someone doesnât know how to explain what âlibertarianism isâ thatâs because youâre talking to people with sentimental attraction rather than something more rationally chosen. Of course, the right answer, is that it’s easy to advocate for a moral preference, about which you hold a genetic, habituated, and reinforced position. It’s much harder to objectively articulate every perspective on the political spectrum and compare those choices.
Explaining the libertarian perspective.
I. Libertarians are not idealists about human nature. 1) they believe that weapons should be in their hands in case the government overreaches. The cost of government abuse is higher in the aggregate than even war. There is no higher âgoodâ that preserving liberty. 2) They believe that the data shows that disarming people increases crime. 3) They believe that the only way to protect children is to either arm teachers or put armed guards, armed parents, or armed policemen in the schools. II. 1) The woman who complained was a conservative not a libertarian. III. 1) The west developed the high trust society out of indo european aristocratic egalitarianism. (evolving to aristocratic manorialism). I wonât bore you with the full set of historical details. Conservatives are the remnants of this manorial system and the reason that we have the high trust society that the rest of the world can only marvel at. Necessary components of the high trust society are forced outbreeding (forbidding cousin-marriage) and property rights. This breaks normal familial and tribal bonds and fools humans into acting as if all people in a society are family members. (Something that only westerners think.) Libertarians in the founding fathers sense, are a product of the rise of anglo commercial society during the enlightenment. They are STILL ARISTOCRATIC, in that they are both meritocratic, and fully embrace universalism. HOwever they havec dropped the militarism since itâs unprofitable under trade, even though it was highly profitable under manorialism, and the only source of profit under indo european pastoralism. In more practical terms, just as liberals are the thought leadership for social democrats, libertarians are the thought leadership for the conservatives. Conservatives speak in metaphorical and allegorical and historical language. Classical Liberal Libertarians speak in philosophical language, and Anarchic Libertarians and Private Government libertarians speak in economic language and use analytical philosophy. Cheers PS: I found this post through google alerts that I have set up for any blog that posts about libertarianism.
WHAT IS MY ROLE IN THIS NONSENSE?
Thank you for the kind words. I try very hard. The truth is that in the past, I intentionally tried the antagonistic approach for a year (because it draws a lot of attention) and realized that it wasât helping me understand anyone, or any one understand me, and it was drawing negative attention. So I changed my approach, and have tried to be objectively informative. The work by Jonathan Haidt helped me understand the progressive and liberal perspective and supplied enough quantitative data to support all perspectives, that I ceased attributing negative intent to most political argument regardless of spectrum. As for my work in Libertarian and conservative theory, Iâm one of the only active post-analytic libertarian philosophers. My original intent was to assist conservatives in speaking in rational language rather than metaphorical language. My thoughts on that have changed over the past few years. Now my work is an attempt to find a solution to post-democratic government, and the problem of conflict in large polities under majority rule. Rorty has put forth that the metaphysical program has been a failure and that âtruthâ is effectively consent. âwhatever people agree uponâ. This is what separates analytic from post analytic philosophy: that we abandon the program of justifying philosophy as a science, and that we fully incorporate science, and attempt to interpret, understand and incorporate it. Rothbard reduced all rights to property rights and voluntary exchange â effectively making the same argument as Rorty. (Although thatâs a difficult statement for some to swallow.) Rothbard attempted to create an anarchic system, but like most reformists he failed because his ethical program was insufficiently complete to satisfy the moral and reproductive requirements of other than a narrow minority. Hoppe, following Rothbard, extended propertarian reasoning and solved the problem of a monopolistic bureaucracy with competing insurance companies. Which is largely (at least in terms of budgetary activity) what the US Government and most western governments do today. Very little is spent on what we supposedly justify government with : infrastructure. This solution satisfies the needs for small homogenous polities. Partly because small homogenous polities are highly redistributive because they function as an extended family. And in turn, this is because increasing diversity does incrase status signal rewards for people at the bottom of society for a time, but it has the consequence of eroding trust and exchange. The problem is, that small homogenous polities a) have less ability to insure, b) have less ability to negotiate import export terms. And so large polities are more economically competitive, but have much higher internal friction and resistance to redistribution. I am trying to solve this problem. I think I have. But time will tell. Cheers.
ARE LIBERTARIANS INFORMED OR NOT?
Actually, every piece of data that we have confirms that libertarians are both the best informed and the most economically knowledgeable. (And almost entirely male.) Economic conservatives who state they are libertarian are not incorrect, since libertarianism is simply a commercial offshoot of conservatism (aristocratic egalitarianism.) Social conservatives do not generally state that they are libertarian, because they place higher emphasis on norms, and are, most of teh time, representing the middle, lower middle, and upper proletarian classes. Upper middle class conservatives tend to self identify either as classical liberal libertarians. And that pure ‘geeks’ as libertarians entirely. This difference has to do with the perceived value of the opinions of others, and roughly maps to 15points of periodicity in the IQ curve, and therefore to social class. This is because ‘others’ are an advantage to more average people because they provide information and ideas, and less of an informed source to more intellectually and financially independent people. There is no mystery to this. It isn’t the 19th century. We have a lot of polling data that goes back to the second world war now. And we have fair economic data back into the 1700’s. Political preferences generally are a) genetic in origin and b) reflect our different reproductive strategies – at least in the aggregate. That is why people’s preferences don’t change, other than that they tend to become more conservative as they age, and gain a deeper understanding of human nature. This is just how it is. Political argument is specious because no one is ever convinced of anything. They just reinforce their existing opinions because their existing opinions are necessary for their reproductive strategy. Liberals for example (less than 20% of the population) are not breeding. Conservatives are breeding. And immigrants are outbreeding them both. The only material shift in the polity has come from the increases in single mothers, who would have swung conservative but as single mothers swing left to gain support from the state that they cannot get from a husband and family. And the constant shift of white nuclear family voters to the republican party, which is, at present, becoming the ‘white’ party, at least numerically. Parties are arbitrary devices. They don’t mean much other than that the party structure in different countries causes more or less diversity of interest, while power still consists of coalitions built ether in the populace directly as here in the states, or in the government’s multi-party system as in much of Europe. This, in turn, is caused by the use of majority rule as a deciding factor in political action. Versus the multiple-winners and losers in markets. Cheers
CONSERVATIVE SUPPORT OF THE BANKING AND FINANCE SECTOR
QUOTE: The currently popular teabagger version of Libertarianism is âcarpetbagger Libertarianism,â at best. A hyper-wealthy elite (think Koch brothers) pump out the accepted memes through their wholly-owned consortium of âadvocacy groupsâ
ANSWER: Actually, conservatives made an intentional decision to abandon the popular press as a vehicle, because the combination of left bias in the media, and in the school system required an alternative means of advocacy. This led to a focus on think tanks, magazines, inexpensive AM radio, and governorships. These think tanks have produced a series of strategies and ideologies. One of them was that we ally with the capitalists (big money) to compete with the state, that was dependent upon these companies for revenue to support their left leaning programs. Another strategy was to try to drive the government into bankruptcy before it could bankrupt and corporatize the private sector, and therefore illustrate the failure of the Keynesian debt model and inter-temporal redistribution that the social democratic state’s ponzi-financing was built upon. And then return to a savings and interest state that was less fragile. This strategy is what you see being played out in washington today. Forcing the government into insolvency in order to undermine the state’s legitimacy. THe problem was, that while conservatives were able to understand that the left would use immigration and the destruction of the nuclear family to win a majority, they believed that they could morally appeal to the majority of the american public that leans conservative. And it worked. They changed the debate. What they did not count on was the rapidity of immigration from the third world, the drop in reproductive rates, and the loss of american economic advantage once the rest of the world adopted capitalism. The general conservative thinking was that we could outlast the communist movement worldwide, and protect our empire inherited from the British empire. They did not count on the attempt of the muslim world to organize and undermine the world system of oil production that the USA used to finance it’s military operations by selling petrodollars, then inflating them away. THis is how we pay for the 1/3 of our budget that we cannot pay for out of tax production. It is also how Europe affords its services: they don’t pay for the stabilization of oil prices either with policy or military expenditure like we do. I know this history because I was there. I was a bit player. But I have been involved in this thinking since high school. What changed my mind is the realization that the constitution failed to protect our individual rights. And that by introducing women into the voting pool, we forever changed the classical liberal and aristocratic models, because women have a genetic interest that is the polar opposite of that of men. So some of us are trying to figure out what we do next. Cheers.
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ROTHBARD’S FOLLY – THE WALLS OF THE GHETTO A system is determined by its limits.
ROTHBARD’S FOLLY – THE WALLS OF THE GHETTO
A system is determined by its limits. Limits are causes. Rothbard’s system of thought is based upon ghetto ethics, and the assumption that the ghetto can be extended to all human orders. But the ghetto is a product of the city that contains it. The ghetto cannot exist without the city. The circular folly of that reasoning – despite Rothbard’s extraordinary literary production, never seems to have occurred to him.
Aristocratic egalitarianism (classical libertarianism) is caused by the necessity of a minority of professional warriors to use cooperation on rapid tactics while at the same time retaining their sovereignty. It is an alliance of small businesses. A group of shareholders. And their strength increased as they increased enfranchisement.
There are limites to this system too: those aristocratic egalitarians must continue to fight for sovereignty.
And the only criteria for sovereignty is private property.
Source date (UTC): 2013-02-17 03:44:00 UTC
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ON BEAUTY: A CRITIQUE OF ISLAM (From a post elsewhere, where someone very gracio
ON BEAUTY: A CRITIQUE OF ISLAM
(From a post elsewhere, where someone very gracious was criticized as being racist. When she is anything but.)
~Aphrodite,
You are one of the most tolerant people out there. Don’t sweat it.
Arguing against a religion is not arguing against a race. You cannot change your genes. You have the volition to change your ideas. If arguing against a religion is racism then arguing against Christianity is anti-white racism. This whole line of reasoning makes no sense.
Islam is not a religion. It is a political system structured as a religion. It is the highest evolution of monotheism, which successfully institutionalized mysticism as law. That we grant this political system the same status as religion out of tolerance is a convenient trick of marketing that we could call deceptive if it were applied to any other product or service. It is perfectly logical, and perfectly consistent with western secular tolerance to criticize a political system – even if it is structured as a religion. That is because the western concept of tolerance is predicated on the requirement that the purpose of any government is the production of prosperity for its people.
Islam reduces people to poverty. It always has. It always will. It must. It is intellectually closed. And the market economy which is what produces wealth, requires constant disruptive innovation through that process of competition. One cannot have prosperity and certainty. Islam promises certainty and delivers what certainty must: poverty.
Therefore we are perfectly legitimate in criticizing Islam as a political system whether or not people treat that political system as a religion. In the west, democratic secular socialist egalitarian humanism has risen to the status of unquestionable religion – an act of faith that is contrary to the evidence. Yet we allow ourselves to criticize it. We encourage ourselves to criticize it.
You are the author of an artistic sentimental publication stream. Whether consciously or not, the dominant properties of the beauty you admire and promote are a) ‘the presence of resources’, and b) ‘there is always plenty’, and c) ‘humans are capable of creating beauty and as such we should wonder at the marvel of it’. These are the conceptual concepts that you work with whether you articulate them rationally as I have just done, or whether you intuit these properties without being able to articulate them.
However, the underlying problem with beauty is that it may contain a false promise, just as do religions: the promise of the absence of scarcity. The absence of scarcity means we do not need to compete. It means we do not need to constantly calculate for the purpose of producing something which others will trade for us.
Islam makes a similar promise: that we can be seduced by certainty. That we can avoid the problem solving that science provides us with the tools to constantly bear. That innovation in thought thought he competition of ideas is not only unnecessary but undesirable.
It may be possible to tolerate the myth of the absence of scarcity, because that myth provides us with the desire to create beauty by creating plenty – prosperity. But it is not possible to tolerate the myth of certainty – because it produces poverty. It can only produce poverty.
It is certainly within our moral code to criticize Islam on political and material grounds. And whomever argues that Islam is a religion rather than a political system hiding under the cover of a religion, is either engaging in deception or error.
And whomever argues that stasis, certainty and poverty are preferable to innovation, uncertainty and prosperity.
Islam is institutionalized ignorance and poverty. It is a failed economic system. And there is nothing beautiful or plentiful about it.
That may be too deep a bit of philosophy for Facebook, but it is pretty solid logic all the way ’round. Maybe, it will help you assuage your conscience. You’re a wonderful person and I”m glad that you make the world a better place by reminding us how beauty makes it so.
Source date (UTC): 2013-02-11 05:39:00 UTC
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THE FOURTH POLITICAL THEORY BY ALEXANDER DUGIN : Not much there. You know, some
THE FOURTH POLITICAL THEORY BY ALEXANDER DUGIN : Not much there.
You know, some day practitioners of the next evolutionary step in philosophy will look at we Post Analytic philosophers the way that we look at Analytic and Continental philosophers today: as well- meaning, and advocating good ideas, but doing so inarticulately because of some content or assumption pervasive in our arguments.
Dugin’s book tries to express aspirational ideas but he does so with quaint continental language. The problematic content of this language is at least the following:
1) lack of knowledge of formal institutions and how to use them to establish norms using incentives rather than advocacy. Habits and imitation rather than conscious and rational adoption of any behavior.
2) Lack of knowledge about economics and the economic impact of certain norms on the economy, and therefore the feedback loop into any ideology and it’s desired norms by the economic outcome produced by norms.
3) the circularity of any argument that relies upon emotional reactions that are based upon learned values. Versus the dependent arguments that rely upon demonstrated instincts independent of learned systems of values.
4) the structure of political ideology as religious yet open to voluntary adoption via linguistic argument rather than involuntary institutional incentives.
The “ten planks” were far more effective than all Marxist rhetoric ever was. And any hope of altering actions must place a cost on an adherent. Certainly consumer capitalism is difficult to choose not to adopt. It’s incentives are constant enough to override our social instincts.
So while I agree with Daugin and Benoist, that we need a fourth political theory, I suspect it will have to result from scientific arguments, recommended institutions and policy for those institutions to execute. It will certainly require a narrative. But it will not be a narrative constructed of continental and therefore circular, and religious language.
I’m sure our friends David Gordon or Rod Long could levy superior and more precise criticism. But I can’t. I don’t find it rewarding or useful to master the counter arguments to phlogiston theory.
This isn’t to say that there arent good ideas in the book. There are. And after the first chapter or two it improves. And for continental writing it’s well written.
It just not actionableoir desirable.
Source date (UTC): 2013-01-18 15:24:00 UTC
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TWO: STEVEN PINKER NEEDS PRAXEOLOGICAL CORRECTION. Better angels of our nature i
TWO: STEVEN PINKER NEEDS PRAXEOLOGICAL CORRECTION.
Better angels of our nature is one of the most important books of this century. Along with Acemoglu, Haidt, Fukuyama and a handful of others.
And since hes one of those whose works we use to correct progressive thinking, I don’t like to criticize him.
But better angels fails to accurately judge incentives.
And as such he uses his errors to come to a fanciful conclusion in chapter 10. He nods to the problem of males. But he does not even mention the problems with females.
I need a few months to write this spring. :/
Source date (UTC): 2012-12-28 13:45:00 UTC
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ONE: STEPHEN WILLIAMSON NEEDS PRAXEOLOGICAL CORRECTION I mean. I hate to critici
ONE: STEPHEN WILLIAMSON NEEDS PRAXEOLOGICAL CORRECTION
I mean. I hate to criticize him. But I’m going to have to correct his position on guns.
Source date (UTC): 2012-12-28 13:36:00 UTC
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REVIEW OF “23 Things They Don’t Tell You About Capitalism (Paperback)” This topi
REVIEW OF “23 Things They Don’t Tell You About Capitalism (Paperback)”
This topic deserves better treatment.
Others have listed some of the glaring faults in the book.
1) The most obvious one which is a restatement of Marx’s patently false labor theory of value.
2) The next most obvious is the patently false argument that labor is a constant price independent of local costs.
3) The next most obvious is the false claim that advocates argue that free markets are frictionless – when they argue instead only that bureaucrats are even worse than the market is at making decisions.
Realistically, the MORAL complaints he raises about the social and political difficulties created by inequality, may have some merit, but his economic and philosophical arguments are, in a word, adolescent. Any third first year graduate student in economics should be able to refute most of the ‘points’ in this book. And it’s unfortunate that such criticisms of capitalism are made on absurd grounds, rather than those that would actually help lead us to a better understanding of what markets do for us, and how we can best make use of them.
CRITICISMS OF CAPITALISM
1) capitalism simply states that the market will do a less bad job than humans who try to control it. Despite our desires to the contrary, history has proven this, logic demands it, and mathematics confirms it.
2) The market does not provide sufficient protections against ‘cheating’, fraud, theft and violence. This is why we have regulations: to force people to use ONLY fully informed competition in the market as a means of fulfilling their interests and the interests of others. Furthermore, constant innovation in technology, products and services requires constant innovation in regulation against new means of cheating, fraud, theft and violence.
3) The market does not provide sufficient protections against the concentration of capital that allows large capital holders to circumvent the market by either temporary monopolistic practices, or abuse of the government to obtain regulatory privileges – including collective bargaining privileges.
4) The market does provide all people with declining prices, but it is arguable that this is an insufficient benefit, and that they are due redistribution of some sort, of the profits from the market that their government and taxes create.
HOWEVER
1) Democratic Governments demonstrably make the problem worse through corruption, privilege and abuse because the election process is so expensive and lobbyists and interest groups so effective.
2) Government employees are unjustly protected from lawsuits by citizens. And our laws do not articulate the limits on legislative action.
3) Redistribution schemes are not tied to profitability or the economy, and result in fixed costs, rather than proportional rewards – this provides everyone with the wrong incentives.
4) The commons is insufficiently converted to property and corporations with shares, so that it is too open to political exploitation, since regulation is too imprecise and expensive compared to the ease and permanence of shareholder agreements. The government instead creates either privileged monopolies (radio spectra), or corrupt exploitation of the commons (strip mines).
For these reasons and dozens more, governments are more often the source of the problem than the cure for it. It’s these failures of the government that must be addressed if we are to take advantage of the extraordinary benefits of the market, while preventing its abuses by both the private and public sectors. The market cannot be corrupt. It is like gravity. Only government can over, or under regulate it. The market is not natural. It was invented as we know it, and evolved like any other technology. And it is the most complicated technology man has invented. And he barely understands it.
5) If our courts allowed us to more easily sue companies for fraud and ‘cheating’ (profiting from asymmetry of information) or privatization of the commons the way that it did in the english common law, then regulation would not be necessary, and citizens wold be able to regulate company behavior through urgent dynamic legal action rather than slow bureaucratic and privilege seeking legislation. this is the argument conservatives and libertarians make: the that government pretends that it does good, when in fact, the regulatory process is only necessary because the government grants businesses legal protection to commit fraud and cheating. ie: government is the problem, not the solution. All any country needs is sufficiently articulated property rights and free access to courts, and the people will directly regulate businesses themselves — WITHOUT the need for legislation.
SUMMARY
I view this book as an EXAMPLE of the abuse of capitalism: personal profiteering by selling popular nonsense containing false claims, for the purpose of taking avantage of the emotional sentiments of those without the knowledge to defend themselves from such folly. In this sense, if the government did it’s job, this book would be prevented by regulation from being published. When, in fact, we tolerate in the market, and in our grant of free speech to one another, such abuses, because the attempt at eliminating these abuses would be more damaging than the abuses themselves. This is true of almost all attempts to regulate the market. We must tolerate some things we do not like (like ridiculous books) so that we may have things that we do not like but need (Darwin’s evolutionary treaties). This is the true conflict of both the market and its regulation: the market is a process of trial and error in constant motion and our attempts at regulation are
Curt Doolittle – The Propertarian Institute
Source date (UTC): 2012-11-06 03:04:00 UTC
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Freud Distracted Intellectual Progress As Much As Did Marx
FREUD WAS A FOOL AND AS MUCH OF AN INTELLECTUAL DISASTER FOR MANKIND AS MARX [H]umans are driven by status signals. The purpose of status signals may in fact INCLUDE access to reproduction, but that is only one of the may uses of signals. Without signals we cannot know whom to imitate. Without those signals we literally cannot think. We cannot think without signals any more than we can perceive beyond our fingertips without numbers, counting and arithmetic. We cannot think without signals any more than we can think about the future in a division of knowledge and labor without the tools of time, money and prices. The human accounting system is status signals. Unlike the properties of the physical world, which we need numbers, measures, counting, arithmetic to sense, and unlike the economic world of our productive cooperation where we need money and prices to sense each other’s wants and needs, we need no tools to sense status signals. They are the only fine measurements we can grasp without abstract tools.