1  Plato: Republic

2  Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics

3  Lucretius: On the Nature of the Universe

4  Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Pyrrhonism

5  Plotinus: The Enneads

6  Augustine: City of God

7  Anselm: Proslogion

8  Aquinas: Summa Theologiae

9  Duns Scotus: Ordinatio

10  William of Ockham: Summa Logicae

1 Rene? Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy

2 Baruch Spinoza: Ethics

3 G. W. Leibniz: Monadology

4 Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan

5 John Locke: An Essay concerning Human Understanding

6 George Berkeley: A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

7 David Hume: A Treatise of Human Nature

8 Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract

1 Immanuel Kant: Critique of Pure Reason

2 Johann Gottlieb Fichte: Foundations of the Entire Science of Knowledge

3 G. W. F. Hegel: Phenomenology of Spirit

4 Arthur Schopenhauer: The World as Will and Representation

5 John Stuart Mill: On Liberty

6 Søren Kierkegaard: Philosophical Fragments

7 Karl Marx: Capital

8 Friedrich Nietzsche: The Genealogy of Morals

  1. G. E. Moore: Principia Ethica

  2. Edmund Husserl: The Idea of Phenomenology

  3. William James: Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking

  4. Ludwig Wittgenstein: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

  5. Martin Heidegger: Being and Time

  6. Rudolf Carnap: The Logical Structure of the World

  7. Bertrand Russell: An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth

  8. Jean-Paul Sartre: Being and Nothingness

  9. Maurice Merleau-Ponty: Phenomenology of Perception

  10. A. J. Ayer Language, Truth and Logic

  11. Gilbert Ryle: The Concept of Mind

  12. Ludwig Wittgenstein: Philosophical Investigations

13. Karl Popper: The Logic of Scientific Discovery

1.W. V. Quine: Word and Object

  1. P. F. Strawson: Individuals

  2. John Rawls: A Theory of Justice

  3. Robert Nozick: Anarchy, State, and Utopia

  4. Michael Dummett: Truth and Other Enigmas

  5. Richard Rorty: Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature

  6. Donald Davidson: Essays on Actions and Events

  7. Saul Kripke: Naming and Necessity

  8. Hilary Putnam: Reason, Truth and History

  9. Bernard Williams: Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy

  10. Thomas Nagel: The View From Nowhere

  11. David Lewis: On the Plurality of Worlds

  12. Charles Taylor: Sources of the Self

  13. John McDowell: Mind and World