Another axis of causality is the difficulty in cooperating on externalities, whe

Another axis of causality is the difficulty in cooperating on externalities, when it’s the collective sum of externalities that produces scale returns on cooperation (trust, velocity, tolerance).

We make many decisions every day that can be biased for or against the group interest regardless of cost to us.

Likewise hostile groups within a polity can bias their decisions against the host people’s interests.

This is how social warfare is conducted: undermining.