OBJECTIVE – 1. Of or having to do with a known or perceived object as distinguished from something existing only in the mind of the subject, or person thinking. 2. Existing, or regarded as existing, independent of the mind; real, actual. 3. Determined by and emphasizing the features and characteristics of the object, or thing dealt with, rather than the thoughts, feelings, etc. of the artist, writer, or speaker. (see SUBJECTIVE) OCKHAM’S RAZOR – The principle which states that we should not posit causes or entities beyond necessity. In Propertarian terms, Ockham’s razor is a basic test of “parsimony”.  Meaning that the most parsimonious theory has less chance of error than a less parsimonious theory.  This does not mean it is more likely to be true, but that it is less likely to contain error, and those are two different things.  However, as a rule of thumb, selecting the most parsimonious theory as proven itself an excellent initial test of the quality of any theory.  Which it should, since the most truthful theory must be the most parsimonious. (Identity is the most parsimonious theory.) OLIGARCHY – Any system of government in which virtually all political power is held by a very small number of wealthy but otherwise unmeritorious people who shape public policy primarily to benefit themselves financially through direct subsidies to their agricultural estates or business firms, lucrative government contracts, and protectionist measures aimed at damaging their economic competitors — while displaying little or no concern for the broader interests of the rest of the citizenry.

• IRON LAW OF OLIGARCHY – The iron law of oligarchy is a political theory, first developed by the German sociologist Robert Michels in his 1911 book, Political Parties. It claims that within any democratic organization, rule by an elite, or oligarchy, is an inevitable “iron law“ because of the “tactical and technical necessities“ of managing an organization. He went on to state that “Historical evolution mocks all the prophylactic measures that have been adopted for the prevention of oligarchy.” And, that the official goal of representative democracy of eliminating elite rule was impossible, that representative democracy is a façade legitimizing the rule of a particular elite, and that elite rule, that he refers to as oligarchy, is inevitable.  “It is organization which gives birth to the dominion of the elected over the electors, of the mandataries over the mandators, of the delegates over the delegators. He who says organization, says oligarchy.” 

ONTOLOGY –  A part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology deals with questions concerning what entities exist or can be said to exist, and how such entities can be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences. In Propertarianism, Testimonial Truth and Operationalism, I require existence proofs by requiring descriptions of actions – a higher metaphysical standard – in an attempt to distinguish between informational content of any expression that consists of (a)Experiential descriptions, (b)Imaginary descriptions, or (c)Operational Descriptions.  Experiential descriptions allow loading and framing, imaginary descriptions allow for the inclusion of deceptive or mistaken content, and Operational descriptions disallow loading, framing, deception and mistaken content. See (Objective) OPERATIONAL / OPERATIONALISM / OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS – Concisely stated that the concepts or terms used in non-analytic scientific statements must be definable in terms of identifiable and repeatable operations.  In philosophy, stated, albeit loosely and poorly as:  (a)“Defining concepts in terms of the operations, both physical and mental, used to construct them.”   Also as a theory of meaning wherein (b) “the meaning of any concept is nothing more than a set of operations, and the concept is synonymous with the corresponding set of operations.”  And lastly, (c) “That we do not know know the meaning of our descriptions unless we possess a means of objectively measuring them.”  This traditional definition however is framed in antique philosophical terms and partly why the Operational and Intuitionist movements failed: they confuse meaning and understanding  dependent upon prior experience, with demonstrable truth, independent of prior experience. -Propertarianism- In Propertarianism I argue in favor of Operationalism, not as a theory of meaning (although I don’t disagree that it is one theory of meaning) because while Experiential Descriptions( reactions and valuations) and Imaginary Descriptions(allegories) provide the speaker and the audience with meaning, only operational definitions are insulated from deceptions and error by means of framing and loading (Experiential Descriptions), and the addition of imaginary information (Imaginary Definitions). In other words, one cannot give truthful testimony free of error and deception in terms other than those that are operational. – Naming- Every set of operations constitutes the name of a repeatable process which given the same inputs should produce the same outputs. Just as positional numbering consists of operations that grant a unique name to every quantity and measure, so does a set of operations necessary to perform an action provide each action with a unique and repeatable name.  This uniqueness eliminates the problem of using analogies. – Relation to Property – If we reduce all morality to the prohibition of free riding and imposed costs, and that all such negative prohibitions can be stated positively as property rights, and that all such rights are adjudicable under the common law, then if we rely upon original intent and strict construction stated as operations, then it becomes exceedingly difficult to corrupt the law, or to use such artifices as Keynesian economics as a means of accomplishing what is not possible to accomplish under property rights.  For example, under Keynesianism we violate the property of nearly every person engaged in moral behavior, for the benefit of those that do not engage in moral behavior. And worse, we eliminate the possibility of achieving the same result by voluntary exchange between producers and non-producers. Which in most cases would permit the perpetuation of high trust norms in exchange for economic benefits.  Rather than as under postmodernism and Keynesianism, destroying high trust norms in AND violating property rights.  Furthermore, if we use operationalism as a  rule, we can also prohibit pooling and laundering of tax revenues, and can eliminating discretionary spending, and require all funds be raised in relation to a contract with fulfillment criteria, start and end conditions, that are not violable by successor governments. Lastly we can require contracts as well as laws, follow strict construction, original intent, and demonstrate the causal connection between property rights and any given clause.  This nearly eliminates interpretation and abusive language that are common in contemporary legal practice since the introduction of the cosmopolitan forms of deception into discourse. -History- Bridgman argued for example, that length may be for all intents and purposes a single concept, but that the means of measuring it vary with the scale of that which is measured.  This misses the point however, that troubled him: why Einstein’s theory should not have been revolutionary, but obvious, because we had applied the concept of length as we understood it at human scale, to the concept of length at stellar and interstellar scale.  Length has properties that are immaterial at human scale (the speed of light) but highly material beyond human scale.  And this is the central problem operationalism was to address:  that the 19th century advances in all fields exceeded the prior concepts that we originated during the era of human scale, and that we used our concepts as analogies to understand that which was beyond human scale – and we failed in every single discipline from science to math, to logic, to philosophy, to economics.  Had we examined the difference in operations necessary to make measurements in each of these fields we would have understood that we faced a conceptual problem of using old analogies to apply to new scales, wherein those new scales required different instruments, both physical and logical in order for us to understand them. My concern is that this failure applies also to language itself, and that the new era of mysticism, second only to the christianization of rome, or perhaps the invention of scriptural monotheism, was brought about through deceptions that operationalism would have prevented.  Socialism, Postmodernism, Neo-conservatism,  and libertine-libertarianism, were all imposed upon us through empty verbalisms that Operationalism would have prevented. To counter these fallacies, I’ve demonstrated that norms, particularly high-trust norms, constitute a form of property paid for by forgone opportunity costs, at high expense. And that making  untrue statements that re-encourage theft of that common property, can be adjudicated in court as a violation of property rights, just as libel, slander and defamation have been adjudicated in court as a violation of the property rights of individuals who have sacrificed to build reputations, because reputations have material economic value. So I see my work as fulfilling operationalism by demonstrating that the western ethic evolved as  testimonial truth, and that, we can only testify to that which we can demonstrate, because all else is adding information (error and deception) to the truth, which is not allegorical, but demonstrable. I hope this brief discussion is helpful to you. If not, read various entries on Operationalism and then try to understand how I am applying this scientific theory to property rights, contract, law, and public speech so that we can prevent another era of mysticism ushered in by various forms of linguistic deception – most of which have origins in cosmopolitanism and it’s history of dual standard ethics and scriptural interpretation as means of obscuring those dual standard ethics. OPPORTUNITY COST – The true cost of something is what you give up to get it. This includes not only the money spent in buying (or doing) the something, but also the economic benefits (UTILITY) that you did without because you bought (or did) that particular something and thus can no longer buy (or do) something else.  (See FORGONE OPPORTUNITY COST and COST OF FORGONE OPPORTUNITY).  When we respect any given property right, whether, criminal, ethical, moral, conspiratorial or normative signal, we select a less beneficial choice, and in doing so, pay the cost of the forgone opportunity to benefit from criminal, unethical, immoral, conspiratorial and non-normative actions.  I describe this difference between our chosen higher cost option, and the lower cost immoral action, as “forgone opportunity cost”.  And it is the constant payment of these costs of forgone opportunity that members of higher trust societies pay and lower trust societies do not pay.   As such it is much more expensive to produce a high cost society, but the economic velocity of a high trust society is the reward for paying those costs.  ORTHODOX, ORTHODOXY – (from orthos, right and doxa, opinion) (A verbal norm used as means of Coordination and Control ) Adherence to established rules of belief in any group in which a consensus is argumentatively formed on that which is religiously justified, morally righteous, intellectually consistent, methodologically sound, or scientifically accepted, and where adherents reject competing views, as well as participation in the group and adherents treat non-adherent arguments and beliefs as false, conflict, competition or betrayal.  As opposed to HERESY or HETERODOXY.

PANTHEISM – 1. The doctrine that a deity consists in the laws, forces, manifestation, etc. of the self-existing universe. 2. The worship, or toleration of worship, of all gods of various cults. (This should logically be called “pan-everythingism” as “theism” implies a “theos” or god which is distinct from the rest of reality.) PARETO EFFICIENT / PARETO OPTIMUM – Given an initial allocation of goods among a set of individuals, a change to a different allocation that makes at least one individual better off without making any other individual worse off is called a Pareto improvement. An allocation is defined as “Pareto efficient” or “Pareto optimal” when no further Pareto improvements can be made. PARETO PRINCIPLE – The 80/20 Rule. Throughout history, 80% of the wealth appears to be created by and held by 20% of the people. Distribution of world GDP, 1989 Quintile of population Income Richest 20% 82.70% Second 20% 11.75% Third 20% 2.30% Fourth 20% 1.85% Poorest 20% 1.40% PARSIMONY  / PARSIMONIOUS – The scientific principle that the simplest solution is most likely the correct one. Often stated as Occam’s Razor. In finance parsimony refers to excessively frugal. Sparing. Sparse. PATRIOTISM – Patriotism is a moral sentiment. Patriotism is a moral code. The moral code builds upon primitive sentiments of Group Persistence, which give the moral code extra influence on human behavior.

• Individually: The purpose of patriotism is to ensure that your social status, and therefore access to mates and opportunities, is not lower than it would be if a different group of patriots took over the land and created a different geographic monopoly of violence led by a different set of elites.

Socially: Patriotism is a subset of the moral code. It proscribes the behavior necessary for land holding, which in turn is necessary for built capital, which in turn is necessary for production. It is necessary for preservation of the current order of property allocation, and property definition. It is necessary at the very least to prevent others from redistributing those allocations. Discounts: Many people seek to obtain a discount on participation in a market society – and it’s allocation of property and definitions of property, or they seek to improve their social status at a discount by avoiding the costs of patriotic moral actions. “Schumpeterian Intellectuals” seek to obtain increases in their social status by rejecting norms, and thereby not only obtaining a discount on their status but a material discount for participation in the society. Jingoism: Jingoism is an emotional sentiment that justifies the application of the patriotic moral code for the purpose of political expansion in an attempt to use one’s material advantage to obtain benefits at the expense of others through involuntary transfers by forceful means. Patriotism is moral. Jingoism is not. Anti statists should not overreach the scope of their understanding. Our state may be oppressive. But patriotism is the best means of reversing that state of affairs. Patriotism is a necessary component of the moral code: It limits jingoism. It limits oppression. It protects freedom. The “kingdom of heaven”, and the “kingdom of the mind”, are silly justifications for material weakness, that help to bind people too weak or to immoral to hold land. And the application of these silly ideas has not precisely worked very well for those who construct these elaborate fantasies and adhere to them. In the real world, freedom means control of land – if only to prevent others from removing one’s freedom. PERIODICITY / PERIODIC* – events that occur with some degree of temporal regularity. When I use this term, I use it loosely, to indicate cyclical social processes that may or may not be obvious to participants, due to the length of time between the events. PERROGATIVE – A right or privilege which belongs to a person or legal entity by virtue of his rank, office, position or special characteristic which entitles him to precedence or the exercise of some power or advantage not granted to others. PERVERSE INCENTIVE – is an incentive that has an unintended and undesirable result which is contrary to the interests of the incentive makers. Perverse incentives are a type of unintended consequences. PHILOSOPHY – Orig. love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge. The formal method of reasoning after allegorcial myth, allegorical history, and prior to quantitative science, where the causal properties and methods are not yet understood well enough to reduce to quantitative formulae, so abstract narratives and verbal symbols are necessary to conduct comparisons, calculations and tests.

• As I understand it (and I am a practitioner):

1) Philosophy is the process of creating, organizing, disassembling, and reorganizing categories according to their properties in order to expose causal relations which may be used by human beings for the purpose of improving their actions in the physical world — a world in which they possess fragmentary knowledge, experience pervasive material scarcity, limited time, are challenged by instincts and abilities unsuited to a complex society in an ever changing division of knowledge and labor, where those instincts must be sated and intentionally retrained by new ideas on a periodic basis in response to unanticipated change. 2) Philosophy as such is the study of norms: a) existing norms and theories of alternative norms (ethics) b) improvement of our process of reasoning itself by testing against the real world evidence of our norms (which must exist as a norm to function), c) improvement in public rhetoric, so that we may cooperate in large numbers toward shared ends whether by direct political or indirect market action. (which again must exist as an norm). So philosophy is the study of adapting and perpetuating norms, and the tools of constructing and deconstructing norms. Where norms are a tool of human cooperation. 3) Philosophy suffers from association with, and embracement of, mysticism, platonism and religion — in no small part because these allegorical systems are a means of establishing norms.. It suffers from a failure to incorporate empirical data as a means of testing expressions. It suffers from its distraction by the metaphysical program as practitioners attempted to legitimize their discipline as a hard science. It suffers from the desperate attempt of the entrenched institutional careerism by academics who are invested in these irrelevancies. And because of that, philosophy has lost its respect in society — a society that is suffering from the loss of its means of judging and propagating norms. A society that is suffering because of the failure of philosophy to fulfill its role at developing and justifying norms — in a vain attempt at becoming a science. A science is a process of discovery. Philosophy, as a vehicle for norms, is the process of invention. In effect, philosophy has sought to become a science by the process of introspection – which must naturally become recursive and meaningless — rather than the process of experimentation and analysis of the real world and our actions in it. 4) As a study of norms, economics is the means by which we can measure norms. (Albiet limited by our paucity of information collection, but evolving in response to our skill at information collection). Therefore philosophical concepts can be empirically tested. Behavioral psychology is the study of the human instinct and propensity for error. Politics is the means by which we define institutional mechanisms of cooperation. 5) Philosophers work too hard at either justifying existing norms, trying to find utopian norms, or trying to justify existing human instinctual preferences. Political scientists, Economists and behavioral psychologists, are in the process of replacing philosophy as a discipline. if they were to do nothing other than adopt the clarity of analytical philosophy’s language, or if philosophy would do nothing but export this skill to these disciplines, then they would succeed. 6) Philosophy has only one future, and that is to return itself to the study of norms, and a necessary feature of political action and to repudiate the metaphysical program as a series of catastrophic errors born out of the envy of the physical sciences, and the need of careerists and devotees to find relevance. PLASTIC / IMPLASTIC / PLASTICITY – Plastic/Plasticity: Something that is possible to put to different uses. Something that can be transformed from one thing into another thing of different utility. Iron Ore, a chicken, money, and time, are plastic. They can be used for multiple purposes., one simply must choose among them. Most importantly, if the preferred use becomes less attractive, the next ordinal uses become more attractive. Implastic: rigid, tendency not to change. PLATONIC / PLATONICITY – Idealism. An ideal world. Inventing a heaven, or other fallacious alternate reality. Proposing a world where humans do what we want rather than what they actually do. Confusing the reality described by methodologies with events in the real world POLITICAL ECONOMY – A branch of the social sciences that takes as its principal subject of study the interrelationships between political and economic institutions and processes. That is, political economists are interested in analyzing and explaining the ways in which various sorts of government affect the allocation of scarce resources in society through their laws and policies as well as the ways in which the nature of the economic system and the behavior of people acting on their economic interests affects the form of government and the kinds of laws and policies that get made.The study of production, buying and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government. Political economy originated as a branch of moral philosophy. It developed in the 18th century as the study of the economies of states—polities. Today it is the interdisciplinary study of politics, political institutions, and the economy. POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY WELFARE STATISM / THE WELFARE STATE / SOCIAL DEMOCRACY (See DEMOCRATIC SECULAR HUMANISM) CLASSICAL LIBERAL LIBERTARIAN PROPERTARIANISM / PROPERTARIAN – A definition of Propertarianism. A methodology for constructing political systems, and describing human behavior, rather than a preference for any particular political system. However, it allows us to explain human behavior in all political systems. An as such, allows us to recommend innovations to political institutions that are more applicable to the current state of technological development, division of knowledge and labor, and newfound economic independence of man outside of dependence upon nuclear, extended, and tribal family relations. Propertarianism that states that: a) The norm of property allows humans to calculate the use of resources and create a division of knowledge and labor, by allowing us to distinguish between those things over which others agree that we have a monopoly of control and those we cannot. And to avoid conflict via this normative agreement. b) That the human concept of property is broad in scope, encompassing their bodies, their physical property, genetic relations, associations, opportunities, norms, and even cherished memories and beliefs. That humans treat as property all that they have acted to invest in. And that they will only invest in what they can treat as property. And when that entire scope of property is enumerated, all human behavior is reducible to expressions of changes in the the state of property, and all emotions reactions to changes in the state of property. d) Human beings use the ‘wrong’ in all contexts to refer to a wide variety of instances of the same process: involuntary transfer. Ethical action then, is whatever is not ‘wrong’. And therefore, all human action is reducible to statements of property rights, and all ethical action can be stated in terms of the voluntary or involuntary transfer of property. This then renders all actions commensurable, and ethics into a simple discipline, wherein all ethical statements are open to criticism and analysis, including norms, and by way of norms, cultures. This simplicity eliminates the need to make reference to emotionally loaded norms, and furthermore, demonstrates that all emotional reactions are in fact, intuitive reactions to changes in the state of property of one form or another. c) Human groups, expressing different norms, simply have slightly different perceptions of what property is in the commons and what, and to what degree, is private. Cultures are collections of norms and most norms are then collections of rules about what is a commons, what is private, and how one signals conformity to these rules. e) The myth of a unanimity of interest, and the democratic model of voting, are a holdover from when extended families, as economic agrarian and pastoral groups, had similar interests, and where differences in preferences were matters for the familial rather than political sphere. f) As individualism increases, No commonality of interest on ends exists in a polity consisting of a division of knowledge and labor, only on means. g) That government has three necessary functions. (1) First. To provide an exclusive monopoly of control over the definition and allocation of property rights within a territory, in order to facilitate the creating of a system of cooperation in a division of labor that we loosely term a market for goods and services. (2) Second. To provide a uniform, monopoly definition of property, such that the use of property in cooperative efforts can be planned and risk diminished, and so that disputes over property can be peacefully resolved. (3) Third. While humans naturally consider competition a form of involuntary transfer, the role of a government is to drive all involuntary transfers, whether by externality, asymmetry, fraud, theft, and violence, into the market, and therefore into one form of sanctioned, and beneficial, involuntary transfer. (4) Fourth, To provide a means by which investments in commons can be made, and privatizations of, and free-riding upon those commons, forbidden by the threat of violence. While these rules against privatization and free riding are termed ‘laws’, they are in fact, simply provisions for the protection of investments from theft. (5) Fifth. To limit where possible, opportunities for free-riding, rent seeking, partial monopolies, and privatization, created by creating monopoly definition of property, providing a means for the resolution of disputes, forcing all conflict into the market, and facilitating investment in the commons. This is the list of necessary functions of a government. These necessary functions can be created under the common law, regulated by a constitution, and administered by privately employed judges, without any individual actually working for a bureaucratic organization that we call government. But this depends upon a normative desire for this state of affairs exist in the population. And this normative desire appears to be rare. For this reason, it appears to be necessary to crate an appropriate system of incentives for the intergenerational persistence of this system. The best system would be a trained militia, and a trained emergency services ‘army’ with required training in the political system for both. h) That while democratic government does not allow people to cooperate on different ends, the market allows people to cooperate on means even if they have disparate ends. The market solves the problem of heterogeneity of interest. But the market is a construct, and we require government to forbid privatization of investments that we do not want subject to privatization and externality. (MORE HERE) i) The claimed legitimacy of democratic government was a useful device for expanding enfranchisement to all consumers, who had become consumers due to increases productivity from the division of knowledge and labor, in the same manner that the merchant class had force expansion of the franchise to themselves. But despite democracy’s status as a mythology, in practice it represents little more than a monopolistic bureaucracy that uses the threat of violence to satisfy the preferences of some for at the expense of the preferences of others. Those persecuted then seek extra-market means of competing with the other groups. Rendering the government incompetent and unable to provide its primary function – to assist groups in investment in the commons that would be otherwise privatized, and therefore impossible to encourage people to invest in. AUTHORITARIANISM COMMUNISM – Any economic theory or system based on the ownership of all property by the community as a whole. The final stage of socialism, as formulated by Marx, Engels, Lenin and others, to be characterized by a classless and stateless society and the equal distribution of economic goods and to be achieved by revolutionary and dictatorial, rather than gradual means. The form of government in the former USSR, China, and other socialist states, professing to be working toward this stage by means of state planning and control of the economy, a one- party political structure, and an emphasis on the requirements of the state rather than on individual liberties. SOCIALISM – 1) Original meaning: a system of social organization that calls for the public ownership of the means of production. A policy which aims at constructing a society in which all the material means of production are under the exclusive control of the organized community, i.e., government, the social organism of coercion, compulsion and repression. 2) In current usage, a form of government that has given up on marxian doctrines of ownership because it leads to incalculability, impossibility of coordination, and lack of innovation, and lack of incentives for production, but emphasizes heavy, politically determined, redistribution of earnings, income, and wealth, as a means of leveling both the social and economic classes of individuals regardless of their contribution to society. Ie: the slow destruction of accumulated capital by democratic and political means. SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM / UTOPIAN SOCIALISM – A distinction between “scientific socialism” and “utopian socialism” was one of the basic ideas of Marxism. According to Karl Marx (1818-1883), utopian socialists were those who aimed at demonstrating that conditions in a socialist society would be incomparably more satisfactory than those of existing social conditions. Utopian socialists attempt to bring about the transition to socialism by convincing people that socialism is in every respect more desirable than the system of private ownership of the means of production. Marx rejected such views as fallacious. He asserted that socialism will not come because people may prefer it; but because, as be had discovered and revealed, historical evolution necessarily and inevitably leads to the establishment of socialism. From this viewpoint, Marxian socialists claim the term “scientific” for themselves, while disparaging the older socialist authors as “utopian” dreamers. SYNDICALISM – A naive and impractical proposal for the economic organization of society whereby the workers of each plant, company or economic unit would jointly and equally own and operate the organization for which they work. It supposes the elimination of entrepreneurs and the expropriation of investments so that all “unearned income,” i.e., interest and profits, would be equally divided among the workers of each economic unit. Under syndicalism, the incomes of workers doing similar work would vary greatly, depending largely on the wide variation in both the efficiency and the capital invested in the unit by which they were employed. RES PUBLICA – “a public matter or public concern” BODY POLITIC / POLITY  – a group of persons politically organized under a single governmental authority POLITICAL SYSTEM / POLITICAL ORDER – Undone. NATIONALISM – nationalism is an extension of familial, tribal, and village trust and loyalty to those people who have common genetic, linguistic and cultural interests, as the economy extends from local, to regional, to international in scope, and the institutions of contract and trade create greater complexity and competition. These institutions then habituate the legal-bureaucratic structure that was developed to served those expanded interests. The members of the bureaucracy then work to perpetuate their institutions independently of the genetic, familial and cultural interests that created the incentives for its origin, in order to give the legal structure greater power than the cultural habits, biases and preferences. NATIONALIST – an individual who advocates for his institutions and people for one of the three reasons for NATIONALISM: the tribalism of the extended family, the economic organization of the extended family, or the bureaucratic organization that rules monopolistically over a territorial domain. STATISM, STATIST – A preference for economic and social decisions to be made by the institutions of the STATE under the assumption of homogeneity of interest and preference, trustworthiness, division of knowledge, and the neutrality of the state. Opposite of anarchism, in which the preference is for no decisions to be made by the state. POOLING / LAUNDERING / POOLING AND LAUNDERING – (undone) (use money laundering) In common usage, money laundering is the practice of engaging in financial transactions to conceal the identity, source, or destination of illegally gained money. I use POOLING and LAUNDERING as synonyms for the act of aggregating quantitative information, and ‘laundering’ the source and cause of those monies, and thereby appropriating them for personal or political use, and in doing so creating DISINFORMATION or MISINFORMATION. (See THE ERROR OF AGGREGATION) POPPER / POPPERIAN – (undone) See MISESIAN, ROTHBARDIAN, HOPPEIAN, HAYEKIAN POPPERS RAILROAD FALLACY / POPPERIAN RAILROAD – From Popper’s Conjectures and Refutations. Popper states that the history of knowledge is a railroad and that there are spaces between the sets of tracks, and that we should be very careful that we avoid staying too much on the tracks. This is effectively the philosophical equivalent of GODELIAN boundaries. Even the history of knowledge is missing possible alternatives. POSTULATE / POSIT – An underlying assumption accepted as true, a priori, but acknowledged as indemonstrable because of the limitations of human knowledge or the human mind. POVERTY / RELATIVE POVERTY / ABSOLUTE POVERTY – (undone) (the poverty of difference) PRAGMATISM – The theory that ideas or principles are true so far as they work. The approach that ideas should be testable in the physical world by human action, and should produce perceptible material ends. A method of determining the meaning and truth of all concepts and testing their validity by their practical results. It is naturalistic, experiential, non-revelational, relative, and humanistic. PRAXEOLOGY – (from the Greek, Praxis, action, habit or practice; logia, doctrine, theory or science). The science or general theory of (conscious or purposeful) human action. Mises defines action as “the manifestation of a man’s will. Accordingly, he considers the use of the adjectives “conscious or purposeful” to be redundant. Praxeology is a manifestation of the human mind and deals with the actions open to men for the attainment of their chosen ends. Praxeology starts from the a priori category of action and then develops the full implications of such action. Praxeology aims at knowledge valid for all instances in which the conditions exactly correspond to those implied in its assumptions and inferences. Its statements and propositions are not derived from experience, but are antecedent to any comprehension of historical facts. PRESUPPOSITION – A belief or theory which is assumed before the next step in logic is developed. Such a prior postulate often consciously or unconsciously affects the way a person subsequently reasons. PRESUMPTION

• — a proposition that must be true if an argument is sound, though not explicitly stated in the premises.

IMPLICATION — a proposition that cannot be false if an argument is sound, though not explicitly stated in the premises. BEGGING THE QUESTION – (or petitio principii) — an informal fallacy where an argument presumes, implicitly or explicitly, its implied conclusion in the premises. “For what it’s worth, I don’t regard question begging, i.e., petitio principii, as a fallacy at all — informal or otherwise. I think the whole idea that there’s a fallacy is itself an artifact of justificationism. The real problem people have with it is that it does not provide the simulacrum of a justification. Naturally, this bothers justificationists. So they decided that it’s a fallacy — of some sort or another. Of what sort they’re not exactly sure, since they take in justificationism with their mother’s milk and have never considered living without it.” – Kenneth Allen Hopf PRIMITIVISM – (undone) Cultural Luddism. The sentimental appreciation for the simplicity of primitive societies, while ignoring the absolute ignorance, violence, hunger, poverty and strife that are the primary propoerties of primitive man. See LUDDITE, LUDDISM, and the cognitive biases of NOSTALGIA and ROSY RETROSPECTION. See ROMANTICISM (for the greek and german myths.) PRIVATIZE, PRIVATIZATION – The act of converting EXTRA-MARKET organizations which are funded by, or sanctioned (protected by preferential treatment) by Government, to INTRA-MARKET, or privately owned organizations that are not isolated from the market, and therefore must serve the public, and efficiently use resources, in order to survive. THE PROBLEM OF ABSTRACT ENTITIES – (undone) (states and corporations) PROFIT – Simply “More than what I have, by the means that I perceive it – whether emotionally, intellectually, or materially, or abstractly quantitatively, or abstractly qualitatively.” Profit is the goal of every contemplated action (anticipated profit) or the gain or satisfaction derived from every successfully completed action (achieved profit). Since all men prefer success over failure and a greater success over a lesser success, every human action is aimed at obtaining as high a gain or satisfaction (profit) as possible. The opposite of profits is losses, the result of unsuccessful actions, which all human actions seek to avoid or minimize. Both anticipated and achieved profits are of two types, psychic (mental) profit (q.v.) and entrepreneurial (business) profit. PROLETARIAN, PROLETARIAT, PROLE. A wage earner, manual worker or peasant. Proletarians are to be distinguished from: (1) The bourgeois or merchants, employers and white collar workers, and (2) The nobility and landed gentry. See CLASS. PROPAGANDA – Persuasive communications directed at a specific audience that are designed to influence the targeted audience’s opinions, beliefs and emotions in such a way as to bring about specific, planned alterations in their behavior. The information communicated by the propagandist may be true or false, the values appealed to may be sincerely held by the propagandist or cynically manipulated, and the presentation may be either logically and dispassionately argued or rhetorically tailored to arouse the most irrational emotions and prejudices — but the message content of propaganda is always deliberately selected and slanted to lead the audience toward a predetermined mindset that benefits the cause of the propagandist. PROPERTY Subcategories: SEVERAL PROPERTY / SHAREHOLDER PROPERTY / COMMUNITY PROPERTY / PUBLIC PROPERTY – In modern terms Several Property is divided into two categories: a)”real property” which is any interest in land, real estate, physical plants or the improvements to them, and b) “personal property” which is everything else. In addition, “Common property” is ownership by more than one person of the same possession. “Community property” is a form of joint ownership between husband and wife recognized in several states. “Separate property” is property owned by one spouse only in a community property state, or a married woman’s sole ownership in some states. “Public property,” refers to ownership by a governmental body such as the federal, state, county or city governments or their agencies (e.g. school or redevelopment districts). PROBLEMS WITH LEGAL DEFINITIONS

• PROBLEM 1: VIOLATIONS OF THE PRINCIPLE OF INCALCULABILITY. Of these types of administrative property, only several property is ‘calculable’. So called Common Property, Community Property, and Public Property, cannot be reduced to a numeric degree of ownership that is subject to price, transferrable, or possible to forecast (plan) the use of. They are remnants of a static agrarian era when conventions and norms meant that additions to the population were predictable and manageable through social pressures and ostracization. In a mobile economy, these concepts of community interest are too variable to estimate. And as such the property becomes the use of the state, and the state treats it as an asset with which to increase tax revenues for its own benefit. Therefore any form of community property is merely a ruse.

PROBLEM 2: JUDICIAL DEFINITION RATHER THAN DEFINITION FROM OBSERVATION OF HUMAN ACTIONS: Current definitions of property are limited to those over which which a court can resolve conflicts in ownership. This is a limited concept of property. Humans act in society as though a wide variety of property interests exist. The entire social behavior of man can be reduced to definitions of, and rights of property. As such, the legal definitions of property are arbitrary. The legal definitions have become highly skewed, whereby the courts have redefined property to suit their abilities to administer it, rather than the ways in which people make use of it. The state has attacked private property systematically in order to compensate for the vast differences in productivity that are present under industrial capitalism, and capitalism’s ability to harness various forms of energy for the purpose of production. PROBLEM 3: ANTIQUATED AND INSUFFICIENT ENUMERATION OF PROPERTY TYPES: (undone) In order to solve these problems, we can articulate the variety of observable property types using these categories: DEMONSTRATED PROPERTY

• Types of property based upon observations of what people actually consider to be their property:
  • I.

PERSONAL PROPERTY

• • Personal property: “Things an individual has a Monopoly Of Control over the use of.”
• • a) Physical Body
• • b) Actions and Time
• • c) Memories, Concepts and Identities: tools that enable us to plan and act. In the consumer economy this includes brands.
• • d) Several Property: Those things external to our bodies that we claim a monopoly of control over.

II. INTERPERSONAL PROPERTY Cooperative Property: “relationships with others and tools of relationships upon which we reciprocally depend.” a) Mates (access to sex/reproduction) b) Children (genetics) c) Familial Relations (security) d) Non-Familial Relations (utility) e) Consanguineous property (tribal and family ties) g) Racial property (racial ties) g) Organizational ties (work) h) Knowledge ties (skills, crafts) i) Status and Class (reputation) III. SHAREHOLDER PROPERTY a) Recorded And Quantified Shareholder Property (physical shares in a tradable asset) b) ARTIFICIAL PROPERTY: (property created by fiat agreement) Intellectual Property. c) FORMAL INSTITUTIONAL PROPERTY : Formal (Procedural) Institutions: Our institutions: Religion (including the secular religion), Government, Laws. d) INFORMAL INSTITUTIONAL PROPERTY: Informal (Normative) Institutions: Our norms: manners, ethics, morals, myths, and rituals that consist of our social portfolio and which make our social order possible. “Those properties in which we have invested our forgone opportunities, our efforts, or our material assets, in order to aggregate capital from multiple individuals for mutual gain.” PROPERTY RIGHTS – “Monopoly Of Use” – A property right is the exclusive authority to determine how and by whom a particular resource is used. More broadly, property rights may be seen as a bundle of separate and distinct rights over a particular good — including at least:

• • a) the right of personal use, (consumption, alteration, use, and sometimes destruction)
• • b) the right to demand compensation as a prerequisite for its use by other people, and
• • c) the right to transfer any or all of these rights to others (either permanently by sale or temporarily through some form of contractual arrangement).

Property rights may be exercised by governments through their designated officials (public ownership or public property) as well as by private individuals and other sorts of non-governmental organizations (private property). — Johnson. PROPERTY DEFINITIONS – A set of forgone opportunities that require one refrain from using objects of utility, or refrain from seizing or creating opportunities for gain – ie: self enforced self deprivations – usually described as property both individual and shareholder, manners, ethics, morals. PRODUCTION – The process of transforming inputs into outputs. Economists vary as to what scope of human activities they consider production — from the most specific being the production of goods for the purpose of exchange, and export, to the most general, which includes all human activity other than consumption. VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION / INVOLUNTARY ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION –  I use these terms as more accurate, operational descriptions of Capitalism (the voluntary organization of production) and socialism (the involuntary organization of production). Whereas with propertarianism, I’ve illustrated the definition of property necessary for the formation of a polity capable of voluntary organization of production in the absence of a state. Most of my arguments consist of various permutations that point out the fallacies of the libertarian, classical liberal, and progressive canons that do not account for the three genetic problems of (a) outbreeding and extension of kinship trust, (b) minimum Pareto distribution of verbal intelligence, and (c) reduced genetic testosterone and therefore impulsivity, in the construction of a polity capable of the voluntary organization of production, and a sufficient velocity of exchange, such that we produce the constant innovation necessary to stay ahead of both the (i) genetic red queen, the (ii) malthusian red queen, and (iii) the technological red queen – and how those three red queens must be defeated in order to preserve economic prosperity that allows us to have whatever nonsensical social order we choose. [W]hat is the return on an individual’s respect for property rights? For him? For the polity? For man? We cannot construct the voluntary organization without widespread respect. So then how do we calculate the cost if that adherence? Labor has no known value except in exchange. At which point we learn its value. But respect for property rights, and active construction and perpetuation of them, always produces value. Earlier thinkers assumed that membership and participation in the market was sufficient compensation for respecting property rights. But this exchange was possible only because of the possibility of entry. In a world of mandatory inclusion, this choice no longer exists. In a world of marginally different productivity, where the underclasses no longer can provide useful skills, they are mandatorially included, but necessarily excluded. In fact, their only value is in providing instructions in the form of demand, for the organization of production to satisfy their wants and to reward producers. But they have nothing to exchange except constructing and maintaining the voluntary organization of production. This presents us with a logical contradiction. They are forcibly included but necessarily excluded. How do we solve this contradiction? Par them for services rendered, and do not pay them if they fail to render services. Voluntary exchange. I don’t advocate redistribution for the purpose of equality. I advocate it for the purpose of suppressing breeding, and paying people to assist in the construction of property rights and the commons that facilitates the voluntary organization of production. This approach gives everyone in the society (local polity that facilitates the voluntary organization of production) the same interests: suppression of the predatory state monopoly, while at the same time maintaining parity between law and morality. FACTOR OF PRODUCTION / RESOURCE– A human service or material good that can be used to contribute to the success of a process of production. A constituent element of any production process. Examples would be labor, natural resources and capital goods.NOTE: Factors of production can be classified as to (1) human (labor) or nonhuman (material) factors, or (2) original or produced factors. The term “factor of production,” as used by Mises, does not include the time factor, although he has referred to time as an “immaterial factor of production.” NOTE: I use the term “resource” wherever possible, as a synonym for Factor of Production. PRODUCTIVITY – (1) the number of units produced per hour of effort. (2)the amount of money created in exchange per human hour of effort expended on a good or service. NOTE: It is possible to work very hard and still produce less and less return on your labors – because you are working on something that people are less willing to pay for. Since the number of units may or may not affect the amount of money generated in exchange, productivity can have two contexts. PRODUCERS / WORKERS – People who use resources to make goods and services. See PRODUCTIVE CLASS. PRODUCTIVE CLASS – People who increase the amount of money generated per hour of human effort. Innovators. See PRODUCTIVITY. PROSPECT THEORY – The theory that people value gains and fear losses, and they, value gains less than they fear losses, and, as such, in decisions they weigh both the gains and risk of losses rather than the outcome itself. This can be demonstrated by the fact that if a person is given two equal choices, one expressed in terms of possible gains and the other in possible losses, he will choose the description of the gains even though in fact both are equal. Also known as “loss-aversion theory.”Contrast with rational choice theory. *I use This basic view of human decision making. PSEUDOSCIENCE / PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC – A methodology, belief, or practice that is claimed to be scientific, or that is made to appear to be scientific, but which does not adhere to an appropriate scientific methodology, lacks supporting evidence or plausibility, or otherwise lacks scientific status. The term is inherently pejorative, because it is used to assert that something is being inaccurately or deceptively portrayed as science. Accordingly, those labeled as practicing or advocating pseudoscience normally dispute the characterization. I use this term largely when referring to the use of methods of mathematical prediction that are repeatedly disproven failing to be predictive, yet the practitioners continue with their methodology unfazed, and unrepentant. More importantly, I use the term to refer to the use of pseudoscientific predictive mathematics to implement laws, which then do not expire along with the theories that were used to justify them. Or which create social and economic fragility. *I use the term to refer to truth claims that are not laundered of error, bias, imaginary content, wishful thinking and deception by means of truth testing. PSST / PATTERNS OF SUSTAINABLE SPECIALIZATION AND TRADE / RECALCULATION (Arnold Kling) Is it possible that fiscal policy is really just industrial policy? Could it be that World War 2 ended the Depression not because it represented a sufficiently large Keynesian stimulus, but because it deliberately created new industries and new technologies that formed the basis of a new sustainable pattern of specialization and trade? Stimulus in the form of borrowing to invest in new productivity, and encourages people to reorganize and flock to support the new competitive advantage Stimulus in the form of borrowing to create consumer demand via cheap credit, but encourages people to maintain their existing outdated patterns. Stimulus in the form of borrowing to create government bureaucracy which in turn creates additional debt, and encourages people to seek rents (parasitism). PUBLIC DEVELOPMENT AND PRIVATE OPERATION – The use of government to concentrate the capital required to create industries or services which the market cannot easily or quickly develop due to disproportionate risk or externally competitive forces, which are then privatized so that they operate at a lower cost with greater customer service, greater innovation, and competition – thus reducing the cost of regulating organizations that are EXTRA-MARKET (Isolated from markets and prices). PUBLIC USE OF PRIVATE COMPETITION – The threat that the government will can with an EVIL CORPORATION.

QUALITATIVE vs QUANTITATIVE – Qualitative: open to ordering or prioritizing but not quantification, because of the impossibility of determining a commensurable unit of measure. Quantitative: the categories to be measured are sufficiently commensurable, similar in properties, static in their properties, and sufficiently static in those properties in time, to allow comparison using numerical assignments and those assignments are open to manipulation an comparison by mathematics. Especially: Using prices and money makes objects commensurable – calculable by using money as a proxy, or general symbol by which to compare them. QUALITATIVE ECONOMICS

• – The logical analysis of human behavior using the record of what humans have done in history, given the information available to them and the cognitive biases and cultural preferences, and natural limits an capabilities of human beings in real life. The comparison of preferences that influence choice that are a) open to prioritization and order, b) and that any order is highly perishable in time, c) open to cognitive biases, cultural and social norms, and imperfect reasoning d) subject to complexity due to the causal density of information and the generalizing nature of the human mind e) reliant upon subjective values, and the plasticity of utility of resources available to individual humans, information that they experience, and the multitudinous permutation of preferences in a constant state of reordering, f) and therefore impervious to predictive mathematical analysis, except where prediction is of little value.

Talebian Position: The impossibility of predicting the unknown affects of large scale unanticipated events using current mathematical formulae and models. And the abuse of probabilistic, statistical, and correlative mathematics in investing and regulatory policy. Misesian Position: Economic theory based on the knowledge that there are no constant relations in the sphere of human actions and that the exact future is always uncertain because the value judgments of acting men cannot be determined in advance with certainty. QUANTITATIVE ECONOMICS – Economic theory that uses correlative, quantitative distribution analysis, in order to recommend predictions. The theories of “Mathematical economists” based on the idea that there are constant relations in the sphere of human actions that can be quantified or measured, thus permitting the application of statistics and mathematical theories to economics. Mises maintains: “There is no such thing as quantitative economics.” All statistics are history, sometimes economic history, but never economics.

RACE, RACIAL, RACIST, RACE-REALISM, DEMONSTRABLE RACE – A RACE is a group of individuals differentiated through distinct physical characteristics and common ancestry, and who demonstrate kin selection with one another (bias in favor of one another). The term MORPHOLOGICAL ( MORPHOLOGY ) refers to people with physical characteristics that are more similar that those of others with similar characteristics to one another. The set (ABCDEFG) is more similar than the set (EFGHIJKL) despite the fact that they both share and human beings are inordinately sensitive to morphological properties or we would not be able to uniquely identify one another. (As can be a problem when individuals from one race are exposed to individuals from another race and have difficulty in facial recognition for some period of time until they have mastered the skill.) RACISM

• – the illogical application of the properties of a class to the individual, or the property of the individual to the class. Racism is simply human stupidity. Given the distribution of individuals with similar MORPHOLOGICAL properties, it is impossible to know based entirely upon MORPHOLOGICAL properties what the NON-MORPHOLOGICAL behaviors of the individual may be. In non market activities such properties may be material, but since the market neutralizes morphological properties except at the margins, and most of us act across morphological boundaries under market circumstances, and only non-morphological properties of utility in the market, then the application of non-market properties to the process of interpersonal action inside of a market is simply illogical. However, if we consider that political activity is non-market activity for the purposes of group coercion, then the reality is that morphological non-market properties and behaviors have political consequences. ie: people vote with their race in mind in the majority of cases and it is in their interest to do so. There are no neutral political behaviors, only neutral market transactions. FOr this reason we cannot be morphologically blind in political matters as doing so is simply to confuse the irrelevance of race in the market with the relevance of race in politics — and therefore it is to be preoccupied with a falsehood. The issue political problem in heterogeneous societies is to ensure that no one coerces anyone else by fraud, violence or theft. It is economically disadvantageous to limit one’s ability to reach customers. The market is not racist. Only laws that artificially abuse the market are racist. What people dislike and will always dislike is involuntary racial redistribution, especially redistribution of status and political power, when that power allows us to alter the market with non-market actions.

RACE REALISM – the logical assertion that human beings act, and it is beneficial for them to act, with racial preferences in almost all areas of life, and will always continue to do so except at the margins. And that political denial of this reality does not benefit the cooperation and collaboration between racial groups. RATIONAL, IRRATIONAL, ARATIONAL : Note: I define these terms according to their Philosophical Usage. Scientific usage varies because statements in the physical sciences are by definition independent of human perception and therefore are simplistic. When we instead discuss the knowledge that humans rely upon for their actions, in scientific terms, we find that humans can rely upon habits, norms, parables and myths, the expressions of which may be arational (not applying rational means), or irrational (the logic used is faulty), but the application of which induces actions that produce desired results. This distinction between irrational and arational lets us separate the expression of human knowledge (which may or may not be rational) and content of statements (which may or may not be true) differently. RATIONAL – Reasonable. A conclusion achieved through the process of reason. Drawing conclusions form juxtaposing facts to each other and seeing how they relate an in what direction they point. Does not imply that the answer is correct. Only that logic was properly applied. IRRATIONAL – In philosophical usage, means illogical, or poor reasoning. ARATIONAL – Having no rational characteristics; having no capacity to reason.  In philosophy, not within the domain of what can be understood or analyzed by reason; outside the competence of the rules of reason. RATIONALISM – The principle or practice of accepting reason as the only authority in determining one’s opinions or course of action. The doctrine that knowledge comes wholly from pure reason, without aid from the senses; intellectualism. The doctrine that rejects revelation and the supernatural, and makes reason the sole source for religious truth. REDISTRIBUTION / REVERSE REDISTRIBUTION – Redistribution refers to the collection of taxes which are then (Redistribution is enforced charity at best, political profiteering and class warfare at the median, or economic enslavement at its worst. Slavery is Redistribution from the laborer to the slave owner.) I use the term to refer to the process by which people who adopt the social ethics, mores, manners, and property portfolio, and thereby contribute FORGONE OPPORTUNITY COSTS, to the maintenance of the SOCIAL ORDER obtain a return on their investment. I object to this process being incalculable and based upon extortion rather than the cooperative development of increases in productivity for mutual gain. I do not object to redistribution. REVERSE REDISTRIBUTION refers to the use of the apparatus of the state to extract money or effort from the lower classes for distribution to the upper classes, usually by way of political profiteering, or credit schemes which PRIVATIZE WINS AND SOCIALIZE LOSSES, or market regulation and CORPORATISM that subsidize industries at the expense of the citizenry. STATUS REDISTRIBUTION

– (undone) (relocate)

REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM, abbrev. REDUCTIO – (Lat., reduction to absurdity) The process of reasoning that derives a contradiction from some set of assumptions, and concludes that the set as a whole is untenable, so that at least one of them is to be rejected. In general, the use of an example that is too simple to be used in a syllogism or as an analogy, when the CAUSAL DENSITY of the topic under consideration is higher than the example can account for. REDUCTIONISM – The belief that “simpler is better”. Reducing the complexities of life and reality to seemingly more convenient equivalents. (Usually takes some form of weak scientism and/or naturalism. i.e. naturalism reduces morality to properties which can be described by appealing to biology or psychology) REGIME UNCERTAINTY : the tendency (whether scientific or not) for businesses and organizations to limit their risk (expansion, or business development, or investment) due to fear of government intervention, especially in taxation. While the effect is disputed, in that the Regime Uncertainty is but one of the number of stimuli affecting human risk taking in an economy, it appears that small business is materially influenced by Regime Uncertainty in the abstract, more than it is by any particular policy. This field needs greater investigation, but it appears to support Mandelbrotian interpretation of stock market data as well as fashion, and political trends in that human perception consists of a set of accumulated and often unarticulated and uncritically evaluated stimuli that due to complexity are inseparable. We know that in at least 2/3 of the population, such environmental suggestibility is extremely high. RELATIVISM – Any theory of ethics or knowledge which maintains that the basis of judgment is relative, differing according to events, persons, etc. (see RELATIVIST SYSTEM) RELATIVIST SYSTEM – An ethical system in which right and wrong are not absolute and unchanging but relative to one’s culture (cultural relativism) or ones own personal preferences (moral subjectivism). REAL (REALITY) – Existing or happening as or in fact; actual; true, objectively so. Not merely seeming, pretended, imagined, fictitious, nominal, or ostensible. Existing objectively: actual (not merely possible or ideal), or essential, absolute, ultimate (not relative, derivative, phenomenal, etc.). RELIGION – 1. Belief in a divine or superhuman power or powers to be obeyed and worshiped as the creator(s) and ruler(s) of the universe; expression of such a belief in conduct and ritual. 2. Any specific system of belief, worship, conduct, etc., often involving a code of ethics and a philosophy; any system of beliefs, practices, ethical values, etc., resembling, suggestive of, or likened to such a system (humanism or communism as a religion). See RITUAL. MYTH

• /

MYTHOS

• /

CULT

– (undone)

RENT SEEKING – People are said to seek rents when they try to obtain benefits for themselves through the political arena, rather than by earning profits through economic transactions and the production of added wealth. RISK / UNCERTAINTY – Measurable and quantitative risk versus non-measurable and non-quantitative uncertainty. I use these terms to separate closed systems, where no single event can alter the outcome (throwing dice), from open systems where a single, unpredictable, innovative event can make all estimation irrelevant. … ie: “there is too much uncertainty to calculate risk.” See LUDIC FALLACY. Frank Knight: Uncertainty must be taken in a sense radically distinct from the familiar notion of Risk, from which it has never been properly separated. The term “risk,” as loosely used in everyday speech and in economic discussion, really covers two things which, functionally at least, in their causal relations to the phenomena of economic organization, are categorically different. … The essential fact is that “risk” means in some cases a quantity susceptible of measurement, while at other times it is something distinctly not of this character; and there are far-reaching and crucial differences in the bearings of the phenomenon depending on which of the two is really present and operating. … It will appear that a measurable uncertainty, or “risk” proper, as we shall use the term, is so far different from an unmeasurable one that it is not in effect an uncertainty at all. We … accordingly restrict the term “uncertainty” to cases of the non-quantitive type. “…there are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns—the ones we don’t know we don’t know.”—Donald Rumsfeld RITUAL – “Ceremonies performed in accordance with social tradition.” It appears that human beings — for cognitive reasons that have hard-wired emotional consequences (ie: behavior) — need to collect in groups that share similar predictable habits and actions. We know that these ritualistic environments produce a calming effect, and reduce fear, particularly fear of uncertainty, fear of others, fear of ostracization, and fear of status rejection. We know that the major religions use group prayer to both create the feeling of comfort and habituate the membership into associating the feeling with the religious rituals, and the rituals with the tenets, and therefore bind the group together and to the religious tenets. The greeks used festivals and temples for the purposes of social bonding. In particular they used Plays and Sports. These are perhaps the two most effective religious vehicles if the canon can be enforced. (The greek plays migrated to entertainment from its original pedagogical celebration, at which point they lost their meaning.) The purpose of these plays is to convey the same messages (sacrifice for the group) regardless of the changing fashions of the time. But at the same time, we must allow these plays, or any of our narratives, to re-express the underlying principles in contemporary terms. We use politics (secular religion), education (indoctrination), sports (celebration), television shows (community affiliation), literature (mythology), and somewhat less our high arts of Theater (plays), While in theory if we asked everyone to watch a canon of movies yearly and christened those movies withe a name, we could create a ritual out of them. There is far more personal conviction and habituation involved when one openly participates in ‘the chorus’. THere is even more if one participates as an actor in the play, or an adjunct in the production of it. WHile the production of such events as plays and sporting events is far higher a cost than simple ritualized chanting, and while a diverse set of plays and narratives is harder to maintain as a canon than a single ‘book’, the fact that one reinvents the plays, and evolves strategies in the games of sport, teaches an important message that cannot be expressed via the vehicle of ‘chanting’ simplicity. That is: that the variation and innovation and evolution within certain constance do not allow the culture to calcify as have the monotheistic scriptural religions. And, since competition is a necessary and unavoidable property of sports, and since any competition between peers requires congratulation of winners, and solace of losers, the society is better equipped by this process to adapt to the process of CREATIVE DESTRUCTION that is required of any economy in order to encourage the innovation that will maintain collective advantages from which opportunities can be exploited, and therefore result in decreasing prices for all members of the community. ROMANTICISM, GERMANIC ROMANTICISM, GREEK ROMANTICISM – Refers to periods where a society attempts to create a new historical mythos because either they need a new one during their formation stage, or their old stage has failed.

• ROMANTICISM – a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution. In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalisation of nature. Romanticism elevated the achievements of what it perceived as heroic individualists and artists, whose pioneering examples would elevate society. It also legitimized the individual imagination as a critical authority, which permitted freedom from classical notions of form in art. There was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability, a zeitgeist, in the representation of its ideas.

GERMANIC ROMANTICISM – (undone), (status redistribution and concentratoin under the anglo capitalist model) GREEK ROMANTICISM – (undone) After the fall of the Mycenaean civilization (whether to invasion by the sea peoples, geological events, or trade pattern changes), greeks lost writing for over five hundred years. Upon their reawakening, they were able to recreate their own mythos. A mythos is a framework of narratives that rationalize the SOCIAL ORDER (rules and accounts) and the SOCIAL PORTFOLIO (accumulated contributions to the accounts). This accidental loss of memory, and the ability to create a new binding mythos, was of substantive social and economic benefit to the Greek civilization. We still make use of this revision today. To some degree our deep knowedge of history makes a new romantic period almost impossible for contemporary society – until there is a cultural victor and the current GREAT TRANSFORMATION is complete across all of the major civilizations. ROTHBARD, ROTHBARDIAN – Murray Rothbard was and author of economic and political history, and a master of REVISIONIST HISTORY.  He is the author of the Libertarian Manifesto, and along with Milton Friedman, the most influential cosmopolitan libertine of the postwar era. Rothbard’s metaphysical framework relied upon natural law and property, and in particular, the ‘non-aggression principle’, or the ‘principle of non-violence’. Starting with that assumption he derives a substantial system of reasoning based upon the necessity of property for cooperation and calculation. A set of ideas which HOPPE uses in his work The Economics And Ethics Of Private Property, which I rely upon in my work. However, like Mises, Rothbard does not incorporate FORGONE OPPORTUNITY COSTS, and by starting his argument with the assumption of non-violence, he effectively circumvents the entire reason for society: cooperation and land holding. See MISESIAN, HOPPEIAN, THE JEWISH ERROR. RULE / GOVERN / INSURE — (disambiguation)

• RULE: To adjudicate differences under rule of law, using a rule of decidability: the independent, common, organic, evolutionary, law of property en toto: the prohibition on the imposition of costs. 
• GOVERN: to construct and maintain commons. (market for commons) – 
• INSURE: to construct and maintain insurance. (insurer of last resort)

(End of R Definitions)

SCARCITY – Scarcity is the fundamental economic, social and political problem of constantly varying and unlimited human needs and wants, in a world of limited resources, where not all needs and wants can be fulfilled at the same time. Economics is “the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.” – Lionel Robbins.SCEPTICISM – The denial that knowledge, or even rational belief is possible, either about some specific subject/matter (e.g. ethics) or in any area whatsoever. (scepticism was a big part of David Hume’s philosophy) SCHUMPATERIAN, SCHUMPETER From: Joseph Alois Schumpater. Innovative, creative and disruptive. – Schumpeterian profits are defined as those profits that arise when firms are able to appropriate the returns from innovative activity. CREATIVE DESTRUCTION

• – The evolutionary process by which entrepreneurs identify opportunities to create profits using any form of innovation, creating a new order of production, and thereby destroy the capital, companies, markets, and social arrangements of the previous order of production. Effectively, refers to the means by which market economies evolve by increasing production and choice, and therefore decreasing prices.

SCHUMPETERIAN INTELLECTUALS* – The Inevitability Of Destruction Of The Social Portfolio By The Leisure Class and Public Intellectuals. Schumpater provided the alternative to marxian rise of the proletariat, and instead, predicted that the leisure class and public intellectuals would create the rise of socialistic policies. (See his book Capitalism, Socialism And Democracy. When I use the term SCHUMPETERIAN INTELLECTUALS it is a derogatory statement, referring to theft from the SOCIAL PORTFOLIO by individuals who profit from that theft. And they perform this theft under the protection of free speech. “Schumpeter was among the first to lay out a clear concept of entrepreneurship. He distinguished inventions from the entrepreneur’s innovations. Schumpeter pointed out that entrepreneurs innovate not just by figuring out how to use inventions, but also by introducing new means of production, new products, and new forms of organization. These innovations, he argued, take just as much skill and daring as does the process of invention. Innovation by the entrepreneur, argued Schumpeter, leads to gales of “creative destruction” as innovations cause old inventories, ideas, technologies, skills, and equipment to become obsolete. The question is not “how capitalism administers existing structures, … [but] how it creates and destroys them.” This creative destruction, he believed, causes continuous progress and improves the standards of living for everyone.” SCHOLASTICS – The intellectual speculations and doctrines of the leading philosophers of the Middle Ages, roughly 800-1400 A.D. Their main discussions revolved around such controversies as the reality of universals (nominalism [q.v.] vs. realism), man’s free will (determinism vs. indeterminism) and the compatibility of logic with Christian theology (reason vs. revelation). The most noted medieval scholastic, or schoolman, was St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274). SCIENTISM – The view that science is the very paradigm of truth and rationality. Everything outside of science is a matter of mere belief and subjective opinion, of which rational assessment is impossible. WEAK/STRONG SCIENTISM: Weak scientism allows for the existence of truths apart from science, but science is still the most valuable, most serious, and most authoritative sector of human learning. Strong scientism is the view that some proposition or theory is true or rational to believe if, and only if it is a well established scientific proposition or theory. (see also PHYSICALISM, NATURALISM, REDUCTIONISM) SECULAR, SECULAR GOVERNMENT – A government where men have determined the laws based upon observation of what men do and have done. As opposed to laws of scriptural or magical origination. Rational, real world, supposedly scientific decision making that does not take religious, mystical or mythical criteria into account. Note: Since Marxism is a religion, a Marxist government is not secular. An Islamist government is not secular. No government is materially secular. NOTE: I tend to use the word ‘secular’ as synonymous with ‘the abuse of the statistical model of prediction’, Scientism, INNUMERACY. SEMANTICS – 1. The branch of linguistics concerned with the nature, structure, and, especially the development and changes, of the meanings of speech forms, or with contextual meaning. 2. The relationships between signs and symbols and the concepts, feelings, etc. associated with them in the minds of their interpreters: notional meaning. 3. Loosely, deliberate distortion or twisting of meaning, as in some types of advertising, propaganda, etc. SENTIMENTALITY : Reliance on feelings as a guide to truth. Current usage defines it as an appeal to shallow, uncomplicated emotions at the expense of reason. (See works by Theodore Darymple.) SENTIMENT, SENTIMENTS, RESIDUES, DERIVATIONS – Sentiments are a set of culture and class value judgments, that while rational and economic in nature, are unarticulated, since they are taught by habit, tradition, family, environment, narrative, and allegorical experience. Unarticulated Social Portfolio Contents. 1) MACHIAVELLI Machiavelli breaks people into two dominant classes: the conservative defenders of status quo (violent ‘lions’), and the radical promoters of change (cunning ‘foxes’). In his view of society, the power constantly passes from ‘foxes’ to ‘lions’ and vice versa. (He did not imagine ‘managers’, the managerial society, the use of credit by bankers, and their use of ‘calculation’.) NOTE: Machiavelli did not say that “The ends justify the means.” The correct translation would be ‘one must consider the result’. Or ‘one must keep in mind the outcome’. This is a typically teleological and consequentialist view of ethics. He is much maligned, and unjustly so. He is the first political scientist after Aristotle. 2) PARETO Pareto’s Class I and II residues are an extension and amplification of certain aspects of political theorizing set down in the fifteenth century by Niccolo Machiavelli. Machiavelli divided humans into two classes, foxes and lions. The qualities he ascribes to these two classes of men resemble quite closely the qualities typical of Pareto’s Class I and Class II residue types. Men with strong Class I residues are the “foxes,” tending to be manipulative, innovative, calculating, and imaginative. Entrepreneurs prone to taking risks, inventors, scientists, authors of fiction, politicians, and creators of complex philosophies fall into this category. Class II men are “lions” and place much more value on traits such as good character and devotion to duty than on sheer wits. They are the defenders of tradition, the guardians of religious dogma, and the protectors of national honor. For society to function properly there must be a balance between these two types of individuals; the functional relationship between the two is complementary. RESIDUES Pareto defines the following ‘Residues’.

• • • Class I (Foxes) is the “instinct for combinations.” This is the manifestation of sentiments in individuals and in society that tends towards progressiveness, inventiveness, and the desire for adventure. Class I Foxes attempt to use VERBALISMS to influence the “TIE BREAKER” decisions in a society in order to alter the spending in the SOCIAL PORTFOLIO to change the properties of the ETHICAL ACCOUNTS in the SOCIAL ORDER, in order to transfer opportunity, POWER and wealth from one group to another.That this transfer needs to occur on a regular basis in order for society to adapt, is not in question. Whether or not social stability, the competitiveness of the society is preserved or increased, or whether the power will end up in hands who would materially better the society rather than just reallocate its wealth and power is always open to question.
    • Class II (Lions) residues have to do with what Pareto calls the “preservation of aggregates” and encompass the more conservative side of human nature, including loyalty to society’s enduring institutions such as family, church, community, and nation and the desire for permanency and security.
    • Class III residues (Group Rituals) have to do with the need to express sentiments through external action. Pareto’s Religious and patriotic ceremonies and pageantry stand out as examples of these residues and will include such things as saluting the flag, participating in a Christian communion service, marching in a military parade, and so on. In other words, human beings tend to manifest their feelings in symbols.
    • Class IV residues (Moral Sentiments), the SOCIAL PORTFOLIO, are the social instinct, embracing manifestations of sentiments in support of the individual and societal discipline that is indispensable for maintaining the social structure. This includes phenomena such as self-sacrifice for the sake of family and community and concepts such as the hierarchical arrangement of societies.
    • Class V is that quality in a society that stresses individual integrity and the integrity of the individual’s possessions and appurtenances – ‘things that belong together’, or PROPERTY DEFINITIONS. These residues contribute to social stability, systems of criminal and civil law being the most obvious examples.
    • Class VI, which is the sexual instinct or the tendency to see social events in sexual terms.
• • 1. Derivations of assertion; statements of a dogmatic or aphoristic nature, for example the saying, “honesty is the best policy.”
    2. Derivations of authority; authority, is an appeal to people or concepts held in high esteem by tradition. To cite the opinion of one of the American Founding Fathers on some topic of current interest is to draw from Class II derivations.
    3. Derivations that are in agreement with common sentiments and principles: appeals to “universal judgement,” the “will of the people,” the “best interests of the majority,” or similar sentiments.
    4. Derivations of verbal proof: Relying upon various verbal gymnastics, metaphors, allegories, and so forth.

These residues are universal to all societies. However, each society creates multiple ‘Derivations’ that justify these sentiments. These derivations vary from society to society. DERIVATIONS Pareto uses the term “derivations,” for ostensibly logical justifications that people employ to rationalize their essentially non-logical, sentiment-driven actions. Pareto names four principle classes of derivations: 3) HAIGHT – MORAL FOUNDATIONS THEORY Jonathan Haidt has improved on Pareto and Machiavelli with Moral Foundations Theory. MFT reduces human political preferences to six sensibilities: Moral Foundations Theory:

• • 1) Care/harm: This foundation is related to our long evolution as mammals with attachment systems and an ability to feel (and dislike) the pain of others. It underlies virtues of kindness, gentleness, and nurturance.
• • 2) Fairness/cheating: This foundation is related to the evolutionary process of reciprocal altruism. It generates ideas of justice, rights, and autonomy. [Note: In our original conception, Fairness included concerns about equality, which are more strongly endorsed by political liberals. However, as we reformulated the theory in 2011 based on new data, we emphasize proportionality, which is endorsed by everyone, but is more strongly endorsed by conservatives]
• • 3) Liberty/oppression: This foundation is about the feelings of reactance and resentment people feel toward those who dominate them and restrict their liberty. Its intuitions are often in tension with those of the authority foundation. The hatred of bullies and dominators motivates people to come together, in solidarity, to oppose or take down the oppressor.
• • 4) Loyalty/betrayal: This foundation is related to our long history as tribal creatures able to form shifting coalitions. It underlies virtues of patriotism and self-sacrifice for the group. It is active anytime people feel that it’s “one for all, and all for one.”
• • 5) Authority/subversion: This foundation was shaped by our long primate history of hierarchical social interactions. It underlies virtues of leadership and followership, including deference to legitimate authority and respect for traditions.
• • 6) Sanctity/degradation: This foundation was shaped by the psychology of disgust and contamination. It underlies religious notions of striving to live in an elevated, less carnal, more noble way. It underlies the widespread idea that the body is a temple which can be desecrated by immoral activities and contaminants (an idea not unique to religious traditions).

SENTIMENT MAP – (undone) Haidt found that Americans who identified as liberals tend to value care and fairness considerably higher than loyalty, respect, and purity. Self-identified conservative Americans value all five values more equally, though at a lower level than the liberal concern for care and fairness. Both groups gave care the highest over-all weighting, but conservatives valued fairness the lowest, whereas liberals valued purity the lowest. Similar results were found across the political spectrum in other countries. 4) AXELROD – (undone) 5) DOOLITTLE – (undone)

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SENTIMENT JUSTIFICATION AND REINFORCEMENT OF CONFIRMATION BIASES – (undone) SILLY IDEAS/ INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF SILLY IDEAS / NON-PERISHABLE LAWS – the fact that laws are often made out of ignorance, or based upon faulty reasoning, ideology, utopianisms, pseudoscience or INNUMERACY, or outright FRAUD, and they do not expire along with the theory that justified them. Theoretically, any law should expire in no more than seven years, or upon the turnover of the people who voted for it, or upon appeal by a group of citizens who demonstrate that the reasoning behind the law was faulty. In general, SILLY IDEAS are fashionable ideas implemented as policy but because they are made into law, outlast their failure in society. SIN – Theft of Foregone Opportunity Costs. In particular, thefts that it is possible to commit without the chance of being caught or paying the consequences. SINNER – A magian analogy for a thief: person who lives by theft of the forgone opportunity costs of others. This concept is important, because to ‘SIN’, expressed in magian terms, correctly represents the non-magical, objective, reality of stealing from the SOCIAL ORDER via it’s WISHING WELL, even if the magian worldview lacks the formal methodology to articulate such thefts as action and consequence. SOCIAL ORDER / ORDER A continuing arrangement of persons according to a set – a portfolio – of imitate-able, generally-expected actions and behaviors, where each behavior requires some form of either a) cost in time and effort, or b) forgone opportunity cost from members, in exchange for the opportunities and securities derived from membership in the group. Note that taxation, or other direct costs are not required for the establishment of a social order. These actions define a collection of property definitions, and the set of forgone opportunities required of members of the society in order to allow them to cooperate non-violently and to establish a division of labor, and peaceful trade and exchange. And if a landed culture, also includes the material contributions needed to maintain the physical viability of the territory, its built capital, its resources, and most importantly its market – without which escape from poverty is impossible. A social order makes use of PEDAGOGICAL tools: supporting myths, literature, arts, and LIMITING INSTITUTIONS that and CALCULATIVE INSTITUTIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES calculative technologies. See CULTURE. SOCIETY

• – “Society” is the self-identifying label that individuals use to refer to their SOCIAL ORDER in an abstract, loosely unarticulated form. In general usage, it refers to the set of commonly perceived institutions and norms, as well as the common legal structures that set the rules and boundaries for individual behavior, and property definitions and property rights. In the academic field the definition would include the formal political institutions, the mythology, the rituals, the self-associative IDENTITY (associations) people express, and as set of excluded groups that define other groups. According to Mises: A human society requires the services of a government for the suppression of all antisocial actions. For the suppression of thefts of property and investments in norms. When I use this term I refer to subjective perception held by individuals as unarticulated classifications. I use SOCIAL ORDER to refer to the objective set of institutions. I use the SOCIAL PORTFOLIO to refer to the set of FORGONE OPPORTUNITY COSTS that are required of all CITIZENS who are not BARBARIANS.

SOCIAL PORTFOLIO* – The objectively-stated coordinative functions served by the accumulated forgone opportunity costs paid by members of the society. A group of people rarely understand their forgone opportunities explicitly. Instead, they think of the positive actions and the costs they have paid for making those positive actions. For example, they remember “thou shalt not steal”. They remember it more intensely as a child, who chooses not to steal a candy bar, than they do as an adult, who simply has habituated the suppression of the urge to steal. But as an adult they are more conscious of the requirement that others also do not steal, than they are the accumulated set of sacrifices (costs) that they have contributed to the ‘property’ account of the social portfolio. SOCIAL ORDER SHAREHOLDER*, SHAREHOLDER (See CITIZEN) – Someone who has paid FORGONE OPPORTUNITY COSTS into the SOCIAL PORTFOLIO, that constitutes THE SOCIAL ORDER’S PROPERTY DEFINITIONS. In western civilization, these shares (enfranchisement) were available to anyone by virtue of wealth demonstration, political participation, and military participation. Democratic society has redistributed these shares without requiring that they be purchased by citizens with forgone opportunity costs paid into the social portfolio or direct military participation, or even taxation. We no longer have voting shares (political participation) as well as non-voting shares (access to the market, protection of life and property). As such citizenship (enfranchisement), and being a citizen shareholder is not valued – because it was not paid for. Brown According to Brown, social structure is a continuing arrangement of persons in relation to each other. This arrangement of persons is different in a village, a city or a primitive tribe. The characteristics of this arrangement are in fact the characteristics of social structure. In other words, the characteristics of social structure are the characteristics of social groups which constitute it. Structural features of social life

• According to Brown, the most important structural features of social life are as follows;

1. Existence of social groups Social structure consists of all kinds of social groups within it. 2. Internal structure of groups These groups, again, have a specific internal structure. For example, the family group consists of *he relations of father, mother and children to each other. 3. Arrangement into social classes These groups, again, are arranged into social classes and categories such as the castes in Indian society and the economic classes in western societies. 4. Social distinctions There is again a system of social distinctions between different classes based upon sex, authority, economic distinctions, caste distinctions etc. One finds a system of social distance between them as can be seen between Brahmins and Sudras in India. 5. Arrangement of persons in dyadic relationship Dyadic relationships are person to person relationships such as those found between master and servant. In social structure one finds arrangement of persons in dyadic relationship. 6. Interactions between groups and persons Finally, the most important feature of social structure is the interaction between groups and the interactions between persons. An example of interactions between groups is seen when one nation goes to war with another. Interactions between persons can be seen in social processes involving cooperation, conflict, accommodation etc. Constituents of social structure

• As has been already pointed out, social structure is constituted by continuing arrangement of persons in relationship. These arrangements of persons are generally in the form of social groups. According to Brown, “By social group we mean a body of persons having certain cohesion.” The social groups are named differently according to their different forms such as a family, a horde, a clan, a kinship, a tribe etc. Radecliffe Brown has defined each of these types of social groups clearly.

1. The Family According to Brown, “The family as a group was formed by marriage and the birth of children and came to an end as a separate group on the death of the husband, thus having continuous existence for only a limited number of years.” Thus, family is composed of a man with his wife or wives and their young children. It is a domestic group. It has its own hearth, shelter and food supply. Several families constitute a horde. 2. The Horde Thus the internal structure of the horde consists of family. According to Radcliffe Brown, “A horde may be described as being politically autonomous, under the authority of the old men, and as being very largely self-sufficient economically.” The hordes constitute a clan. They occupy the territory of the clan. On the average each horde consists of not more than 50 per cent. 3. The Clan Several hordes together constitute the social structure of the clan. Men connected with a particular territory form a distinct social group known as clan. According to Radcliffe Brown, “The clan was a continuing group which the natives themselves thought of as having come into existence at the beginning of the world and as being eternal: as members were losf by depth they were replaced by the birth of new members.” The clan is a unit of fundamental importance in the primitive social structure. A woman belonged to a clan of her father. Marriage between persons of one clan was forbidden. The country was usually divided into clans. The male members of the clan constituted the continuing Nucleus of the Horde. The female members moved out after marriage and other female members moved in as wives of the men. The clans constituted a wider system of structure known as a tribe. 4. The Tribe In the words of Radcliffe Brown, “A number of clans had the same language, and had similar customs; they therefore formed a linguistic community which is referred to as aTribe.” Tribe is not a politically united group. Its members do not Amite in any combined action. It is the hordes of some tribe or different tribes which engage in fighting. 5. The kinship system Persons of different hordes and of different tribes are linked by means of kinship system. Explaining the nature of the kinship system, Radcliffe Brown has said, “The basis of the recounting consisted of actual genealogical relationships, including therein the relations between fellow-members of one clan. Thus, the kinslup system cuts across the tribal relationship. Kinship relationships were classified into a number of categories. Each category was denoted by one kinship term distinguished as being nearer or more distant to other kinship relationship. The arrangement of relationships was dyadic, i.e., person to person relationship. Persons use to visit kinship members in other clans and tribes. Thus kinship cuts across club each person had his own particular position in the total kinship structure due to his status in descent, marriage etc. 6. The Moieties Sometimes primitive social structure is divided into two moieties. Each moiety includes a number of tribes. Each clan belongs to one of the moieties. Thus a moiety is wider than tribes. In the words of Radcliffe Brown, “Essentially the system is a classification or grounding of class, which cuts across the classification into tribes or linguistic communities.” 7. Social sections According to Brown, the primitive society may have a further dichotomy into two alternating generation divisions. Each clan contains at all times the adult and the children, male and female, thus there is a four fold division of society into sections which have particular names. These sections determine marriage and kinship relationships. 8. Totemic group. Each clan is a distinct totemic group having its own sacred totem centres, its own myths, its own rites. Each clan has its own totemic solidarity and continuity which differentiates it from other clan. There are totemic ceremonies. Thus totemic group maintains solidarity of primitive society. They provide the religious structure of society. 9. Social classes According to Brown, in some primitive societies one may find division of social structure into social classes. An example of such a division is the division between chiefs and commoners in Polynesia. Social classes, however, are not found in all the primitive societies. PRINCIPLES of description of social structure

• From the above mentioned description of the structural system in a primitive people Radcliffe Brown formulates the important principles concerning the description of social structure.

1. The description of social structure should include not only the social groups and social classes-but the whole set of socially fixed relationships of person to person as in kinship system. 2. Thus the social structure at a particular place and time consists of the whole set of social relationships among members. 3. Social relationships should be defined in terms of social institutions. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES BAND, TRIBE, CHIEFDOM, COUNTRY, NATION, STATE, EMPIRE, CIVILIZATION – (undone) BAND – The simplest form of human society: with small, mobile, and fluid social formations, with weak leadership that do not generate surpluses, pay taxes or support a standing army A band generally consists of a small kin group, no larger than an extended family or clan; consisting of no more than 100 individuals. Bands have a loose organization. Their power structure is egalitarian and has informal leadership; the older members of the band generally are looked to for guidance and advice, and decisions are often made on a consensus basis, but there are no written laws and none of the specialized coercive roles typically seen in more complex societies. Bands’ customs are almost always transmitted orally. Formal social institutions are few or non-existent. Religion is generally based on family tradition, individual experience, or counsel from a shaman. All known band societies hunt and gather to obtain their subsistence. TRIBE Tribes consist of many families. Tribes have formal social institutions, such as a chief, big man, or elders. Tribes are also more permanent than bands; a band can cease to exist if only a small group split off or die. Tribes are sub-divided into bands. CHIEFDOM – undone (CLAN A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent. – undone) LINE / LINEAGE – (undone) In casual usage, the terms “country”, “nation”, and “state” are often used as if they were synonymous; but they have specific meanings. COUNTRY – A Country refers to a geographic territory. NATION – refers to a people who are believed to or deemed to share common customs, origins, and history. However, the adjectives national and international are frequently used to refer to matters pertaining to what are strictly sovereign states, as in national capital, international law. STATE – refers to the set of governing and supportive institutions that have sovereignty over a definite territory and population. EMPIRE CIVILIZATION See GOVERNMENT. SOVEREIGN / SOVEREIGNTY – A monopoly on the use of violence within a domain. A SOVEREIGN INDIVIDUAL has a monopoly on the use of himself and his property – given that one’s body is one’s property. I used this term as a replacement for the APPROPRIATED TERM of FREEDOM. (Syn FREEDOM IN THE NARROWER SENSE). A SOVEREIGN STATE possesses a monopoly on the use of violence, or more clearly, a monopoly on the use of violent coercion within a geographic territory. Sovereignty is a synonym for MONOPOLY. SPECULATION / SPECULATIVE – Attempting to forecast a future state given the uncertain conditions of the unknown future. Every human action is a speculation in that it takes place in the in the flux of time. STATIONARY ECONOMY – The imaginary construction of an economy in which the per capita income and wealth remain unchanged. In such an economy total profits would be precisely equal to total losses. It is only in such an unreal and imaginary economy that the equations of “mathematical economists” would have any validity. See “Mathematical economics.” See EVENLY ROTATING ECONOMY. STATE – An abstract (irrational) entity that possesses a monopoly on the use of violence within a geography, and a monopoly on the use of violence by people within the geography, against people outside of the geography. The state framework allows states to punish other states for the actions of their citizens. A Government is a body that regulates the market within a territorial monopoly. A territorial monopoly of violence under the administration and control of a bureaucracy whose actions are governed by rules varying from scriptural, to traditional (common law) to constitutional. See FAILED STATE. See PRIVATE STATE.

• 1. (form of abstract deception) A polity becomes an abstracton called a state when there is no political competition (TAX COMPETITION, POLITICAL COMPETITION) or the OWNERSHIP of the institutions ceases to be the property of the MONARCH, and as such, there ceases to be calculable and causal relationship between the owners, shareholders and the bureaucracy. In particular, where the bureaucracy no longer consists of shareholders, and the bureaucrats take ownership of the institutions, processes and regulations, and treat them as personal property to be used for their advantage, in the service of incalculable abstractions rather than calculative actions and calculative results, or where institutions are used to fulfill bureaucratic objectives rather than to directly service the population, whereby the institutions are accountable for the quality, rapidity of that service. Since a ‘State’ cannot know anything or act, the individuals in the bureaucracy can rely upon the rules established by the bureaucracy, and therefore appropriate the institutions and the revenue streams from the founders (monarchs) or investors (citizens). State formation is surrender. It is a symptom of organization acknowledges institutional incompetence because of a lack of calculability, usually because of size and complexity.

2. A specialized type of political organization characterized by a full-time, specialized, professional work force of tax-collectors, soldiers, policemen, bureaucrats and the like that exercises supreme political authority over a defined territory with a permanent population, independent from any enduring external political control and possessing a local predominance of coercive power (always supplemented with moral and remunerative incentives as well) great enough to maintain general obedience to its laws or commands within its territorial borders. The first known states were created in ancient times in Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, Mexico and Peru, but it is only in relatively modern times that states have almost completely displaced alternative “stateless” forms of political organization of societies all over the planet. (Roving bands of hunter-gatherers and even fairly sizable and complex tribal societies based on herding or agriculture have existed without any full-time specialized state organization, and these “stateless” forms of political organization have in fact prevailed for all of the prehistory and much of the history of the human species.) 3. One of the component territorial political units in a larger federal state that are so called because, although they actually fall short of full independent statehood or sovereignty, they still possess a very large degree of autonomy in decision-making with respect to most of their internal affairs and are thus also legally allowed to exercise various forms of coercion over their regional populations [Example — the 50 states of the United States.]. PRIVATE STATE – HOPPIAN MONARCHY – Where the territorial monopoly and the institutions of government are owned by an individual. In theory this is the optimum environment for PERSONAL FREEDOM. STATIST, STATISM – The doctrine or policy of subordinating the individual unconditionally to a state or government with unlimited powers. FAILED STATE – A weak government where social and political institutions have collapsed to the point where the government has little ability to influence public behavior. TERRITORIAL MONOPOLY / TERRITORIAL MONOPOLY OF VIOLENCE – “A government is a network of people who hold a territorial monopoly on the use of violence, and in particular, the ability to make laws and levy taxes.” THE CRIME OF STATISM – Anarchists have proposed that attempting to institute an abstract state, rather than a PROPERTY MONARCHY (individual proprietorship) or PROPERTY REPUBLIC (shareholder organization), should be punishable by death. The general thesis is that the people’s behavior in the state model is identical to people’ behavior in a theocratic dictatorship, and that the purpose of the state and the bureaucracy will deterministically result in the loss of freedom and virtual enslavement of the people. The idea that the only purpose of the state is to create a justification for forced transfers. When I use this term I refer to attempts to institute the circumstance under which the members of the government is not isolated from market participation, and the effects of that participation. The purpose of the government is management of the market, and the people in the government can only mange the market if they are subject to it’s signals, its causes and its effects, and are rewarded or punished for that participation. NOTE: I agree with the anarchic position on statism. There is no state. And attempts to create it, are invariably for the purpose of oppression. A government is a company that owns the land and lists the terms of contract while operating on that land. Individuals are shareholders. And all these individuals are limited in their perceptive and cognitive abilities, and must rely on market signals (prices) and serve one another to survive. SUBJECTIVE – Of, affected by, or produced by the mind or a particular state of mind; of or resulting from the feelings or temperament of the subject, or person thinking; not objective. (see OBJECTIVE). SUBJECTIVE THEORY OF VALUE – The theory, that the value of economic goods is in the minds of individual men and therefore is neither constant nor inherent in the goods themselves; that values of the same good vary, as the judgments of the individuals making the valuations vary, from person to person and from time to time for the same person. See “Subjective-value theory” and “Marginal theory of value” and “labor theory of value”. SUBJECTIVE-VALUE THEORY. The value theory of the modern economists which holds that the relative values of goods and services, in the sense that values determine human actions, are to be found in the minds of acting men at the moment of their decisions to act or not to act and not in the physical characteristics or the costs of production of such goods and services. Value is thus said to be subjective rather than objective. See “Marginal theory of value.” SUBJECTIVIST ECONOMICS. Economics based on the theory that the value of goods is not inherent in the goods themselves but is in the minds of acting men; that economic value is a matter of individual judgment which may vary from person to person and for the same person from time to time. SYCOPHANT. One who seeks wealth, power or influence from an accepted leader or leaders by undue flattery, adulation or servility. SYLLOGISM, SYLLOGISTIC– A three-part process of deductive argument or reasoning consisting of (1) major premise (usually a general rule), (2) minor premise (usually an individual case employing one term appearing in the major premise) and (3) a conclusion which must follow if both the major and minor premises are true (usually the substitution of the new term of the minor premise in the major premise in place of the term common to both premises). Example: Major premise: All dogs are animals Minor premise: Betsy is a dog Conclusion: Betsy is an animal. SYNTHESIS – The putting together of parts or elements so as to form a whole. In Hegelian philosophy, the unified whole in which opposites (thesis and antithesis) are reconciled. SYSTEMATIC CONSISTENCY – Consistency: obedience to the laws of logic. Systematic: Fitting all the facts known by experience. (We will be employing this method/formula in most of our discussions of arguments)

TACIT KNOWLEDGE / EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE – The tacit aspects of knowledge are those that cannot be codified, but can only be transmitted via training or gained through personal experience. Tacit knowledge has been described as “know-how” — as opposed to “know-what” (facts), “know-why” (science), or “know-who” (networking). It involves learning and skill but not in a way that can be written down. Explicit knowledge is knowledge that has been or can be articulated, codified, and stored in certain media. It can be readily transmitted to others. TALEB – Philosopher Nassim Nicholas Taleb, that states that we are using predictive mathematics that is falsely understating our risk and basing our economic security upon it, and creating a fragile economic order, when we should build society and policies that are not fragile, and which account for unforeseen, disruptive events. Taleb lists his principles for building systems that are robust and resistant to Black Swan Events, which I have edited to more accurate language that conforms to my work: POLICY MAKING 1. Design For Failure: Design fragile processes, objects and institutions so that they break early while they are still small. Nothing should ever become Too Big to Fail. (De-centralize large banks) 2. Use both physical and functional redundancy as well as competition in the design of complex systems. This allows for failure on an ongoing basis, and privatizes failure. 3. Rely upon calculative measures, not statistical risk management. Attempt to create a CALCULABLE system and thereby Counter-balance complexity with simplicity. 4. Disallow the use of an abstraction like Confidence as a measure. (See GOODHART’S LAW / CAMPBELL’S LAW ). Only Ponzi schemes should depend on confidence. Governments should never need to “restore confidence”. (And abstract indices permit the ERROR OF AGGREGATION.) REGULATION 5. Legislation and policy should never rely upon the judgement of individuals to refrain from innumeracy, and asymmetric reward whenever they can possibly privatize gains and socialize losses. Which Taleb states as: Do not give children sticks of dynamite, even if they come with a warning. 6. Never allow financial speculators and institutions to create agreements, objects or processes that can socialize losses and privatize gains. REGULATORY PENALTIES 7. People who rely upon false models and make errors that affect others should be banned from financial markets. 8. Disallow incentive bonuses to people who operate high risk systems using other people’s capital – it creates risky behavior. 9. Disallow “Financializing” (quantitative mysticism). Citizens should not depend on financial assets or fallible “expert” advice for their retirement. ITERATE ON FAILURE 10. If you fail, then act quickly to correct the problem, and refine your policy. You cannot know everything. Which Taleb states as: Make an omelette with the broken eggs. This is much easier of you design for, encourage, and expect failure. 11. Never become reliant upon a failed institution- they will just do the same thing again. Cut them off and shut them down. Make them pay the price for their behavior. Harm their investors. Investors are the best possible police. Which taleb states Do not give an addict more drugs if he has withdrawal pains. TALEB DISTRIBUTION / TAILGATING – A distribution of returns that produces frequent small profits punctuated by occasional very large losses. A high proportion of trading – and business – strategies in financial markets have this tailgating characteristic. (John Kay). POLITICAL / POLITICS RES PUBLICA – “a public matter or public concern” BODY POLITIC – a group of persons politically organized under a single governmental authority BAND, TRIBE, CHIEFDOM, STATE, EMPIRE, CIVILIZATION – (undone) BAND

• – The simplest form of human society: with small, mobile, and fluid social formations, with weak leadership that do not generate surpluses, pay taxes or support a standing army A band generally consists of a small kin group, no larger than an extended family or clan; consisting of no more than 100 individuals. Bands have a loose organization. Their power structure is egalitarian and has informal leadership; the older members of the band generally are looked to for guidance and advice, and decisions are often made on a consensus basis, but there are no written laws and none of the specialised coercive roles typically seen in more complex societies. Bands’ customs are almost always transmitted orally. Formal social institutions are few or non-existent. Religion is generally based on family tradition, individual experience, or counsel from a shaman. All known band societies hunt and gather to obtain their subsistence.

TRIBE Tribes are larger, consisting of many families. Tribes have more social institutions, such as a chief, big man, or elders. Tribes are also more permanent than bands; a band can cease to exist if only a small group split off or die. Tribes are sub-divided into bands. CHIEFDOM (clan) A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent. (line / lineage) STATE EMPIRE CIVILIZATION COUNTRY / NATION / STATE – In casual usage, the terms “country”, “nation”, and “state” are often used as if they were synonymous; but in a more strict usage they can be distinguished:

• A Nation refers to a people who are believed to or deemed to share common customs, origins, and history. However, the adjectives national and international are frequently used to refer to matters pertaining to what are strictly sovereign states, as in national capital, international law.
• A State refers to the set of governing and supportive institutions that have sovereignty over a definite territory and population.
• A Country refers to a geographic territory under control of the government.

See GOVERNMENT. NATIONALISM – nationalism is an extension of familial, tribal, and village trust and loyalty to those people who have common genetic, linguistic and cultural interests, as the economy extends from local, to regional, to international in scope, and the institutions of contract and trade create greater complexity and competition. These institutions then habituate the legal-bureaucratic structure that was developed to served those expanded interests. The members of the bureaucracy then work to perpetuate their instituions independently of the genetic, familial and cultural interests that created the incentives for its origin, in order to give the legal structure greater power than the cultural habits, biases and preferences. NATIONALIST – an individual who advocates for his institutions and people for one of the three reasons for NATIONALISM: the tribalism of the extended family, the economic organization of the extended family, or the bureaucratic organization that rules monopolistically over a territorial domain. STATISM, STATIST – A preference for economic and social decisions to be made by the institutions of the STATE under the assumption of homogeneity of interest and preference, trustworthiness, division of knowledge, and the neutrality of the state. Opposite of anarchism, in which the preference is for no decisions to be made by the state. TAUTOLOGY – Repetition of the same idea in different words. I use this term often in reference to an argumentative error which confuses words and terms with reality, because argument has not been expressed as human actions. TAX – Originally, the Price Of Citizenship, and a fee for use of the market (city). As the PRICE of their citizenship, ancient Greeks and Romans could be called on to serve as soldiers and had to supply their own weapons. The origins of modern taxation can be traced to wealthy subjects paying money to their king in lieu of military service. The other early source of tax revenue was trade, with tolls and customs duties being collected from travelling merchants. The big advantage of these taxes was that they fell mostly on visitors rather than residents. Taxes – Required payments of money made to governments by households and business firms. TAX COMPETITION – The principle that government spending and taxation can be controlled by having multiple governments compete for investment and talent by providing lower taxes. TAX CLASSES – In a progressive taxation system, only certain classes contribute to taxation. TERM APPROPRIATED TERM

• – A word that a group has used, often intentionally, by repetition in a new context in order to load its meaning, by association with that context, with sentiments, relations and causal relations that are different from, and often the opposite of, the original use of the term. For example, the term “liberal” was more closely associated with American libertarianism or conservatism. And the word “libertarian” more closely with anarchism. Both terms were appropriated, intentionally in order to convey greater legitimacy to what were radical movements. See FRAMING.

EXPANDED TERM – a term which a political, intellectual or media group uses repeatedly in a new context, in order to load that term with additional meaning other than it’s original meaning – usually in an effort to use the original credibility of the term to legitimize the new idea being propagated. FRAMING – Framing refers to the social construction of concepts, values attached to those concepts, and the causal relations between concepts, by mass media, political or social movements, political leaders, or other actors and organizations. Most people evaluate concepts through the opinions of their peers. If, through repetition, it is possible for an individual or organization, via media, to create an interest and question in a person’s mind, whereby he must validate those ideas, or complete those ideas, by interacting with peers who are doing the same, then this process becomes mutually reinforcing due to a combination of confirmation and fear of incomprehension of a vacuum. Most public values are framed through such techniques, because the number of issues and complexities in any democratic body are such that individuals remain permanently ignorant of all but the most familiar of processes. THEISM – The belief in one infinite personal transcendent and immanent God who created the world ex nihilo and who also intervenes in it on occasion. AGNOSTIC – A person who does not know, or who thinks it is impossible to know, whether there is a God. ATHEIST – A person who believes that there is no God. DEISM / DEIST – The belief in one infinite personal and transcendent God who created the world but does not intervene in it in a supernatural way; theism minus miracles. PHYSICALISM – A world view which holds that everything that exists is nothing but a single spatio-temporal system which can be completely described in terms of some ideal form of physics. Matter/energy is all that exists. God, souls, and non-physical abstract entities do not exist. (see also NATURALISM, SCIENTISM) I AM NOT AN ATHEIST – my definition of GOD, I am not an atheist. I believe gods exist as numbers exist. They are perhaps, our most important abstraction. I do not disrespect religions no matter how ridiculous their dogmas. Those dogmas attempt to rationalize the irrational. They exist to justify sentiments. And sentiments exist to represent meaningful entries in the SOCIAL PORTFOLIO that comprises the SOCIAL ORDER. It appears that a society needs a philosophical framework even if for purely pedagogical reasons. It is also apparent that under the teleological ethical standard, the BLACK BOX of incomprehensible irrationalism comprising any religion’s dogma, should be measured not by it’s content, but by it’s result. Islam may be rational, but in the hands of it’s people it is a mandate for ignorance and poverty, and a cancer to human civilization. The same cannot be said of christianity when it is combined with aristotelianism, hinduism. Although it may be for buddhism unless it is combined with Confucianism. Hinduism’s case is still open. TELEOLOGY – The study of the ends or purposes of things. TELEOLOGICAL SYSTEM – Ethical systems that are based on the end result produced by an action. Two forms of this system include utilitarianism (see) and egoism (see). TERNARY LOGIC / TERNARY ETHICS vs BINARY LOGIC / BINARY ETHICS Refers to the difference between Ternary Aristocratic Egalitarian Ethics and Binary Ghetto Ethics. Argumentatino ethics state that once we enter into debate, we respect property rights by doing so. As such our choices are either cooperation or refusal of cooperation. However, prior to entering into debate we have three choices: violence (theft,harm,aggression), cooperation(exchange) and boycott(abandonment). In aristocratic ethics, we never surrender our opportunity for violence, even once we enter debate, and preserve it as an option at all times. (important) The first question of politics (cooperation) is why don’t I kill you and take your stuff? If we cooperate for mutual gain then I agree not to kill you and take your stuff. If you want to conduct a positive trade with me I will not kill you and take your stuff. If you try to blackmail me or cheat me or my friends and allies, then I will kill you and take your stuff. It is only rational not to kill you and take your stuff if you engage in mutually beneficial exchange. You have made the error of Argumentation which is that because one must surrender violence to conduct a cooperative argument, that you assume the choice for participants is between cooperation and non cooperation, rather than to assume that the choice is between cooperation, non cooperation, and violence. The logic of cooperation is ternary, not binary. It is only binary when I’m in the ghetto and the monarchy leaves us alone as long as we don’t engage in violence. The monarchy cannot trust either of us to tell the truth, so the monarchy limits its definition of crime to violence, while tolerating unethical and immoral behavior. But that is not a voluntary society. That is a ghetto within a monarchy. Just like Crusoe’s island is a ghetto bounded by the violence of the sea. But aristocracy, which possesses a WEALTH OF VIOLENCE is always in the proposition that voluntary exchange must be more rewarding than the application of violence, and that subjecting one’s self to criminal, immoral and unethical and conspiratorial is simply, always, and everywhere, unnecessary. So for the weak, the choice is between cooperation and non-cooperation, the choice for the aristocracy is between cooperation, non-cooperation, and violence – whichever is more rewarding. Rothbardians are engaged in a complex, obscurantist logical fallacy. Rothbardian anarcho capitalist ethics are PLAGUED with logical fallacies. It is, like Marxism, a rich and varied set of logical fallacies. But logical fallacies none the less. We don’t need the state. However, property rights as defined OR the NAP, are insufficient for the rational adoption of a voluntary society governed only by the rule of law, under the common law. THEOCRACY – A form of government in which the clergy exercise or bestow all legitimate political authority and in which religious law is dominant over civil law and enforced by state agencies. THEORY – (UNDONE) A theory is an abstract formulation of the constant relations between entities. Or differently, the necessary regularity in the concatenation and sequence of phenomena and/or events. A theory may be true or false. A valid theory attempts to eliminate all contradictions in the application of cause and effect to a given specific situation or set of conditions. The aim of a theory is success in action. A characteristic of a true theory is that action based on it succeeds in attaining the expected results. A theory is implicit in every human action and likewise a theory necessarily precedes the determination of “facts” and the writing of all history as well as the interpretation of every experience. THORSTEN VEBLEN / THEORY OF THE LEISURE CLASS – Veblen combined Darwinian evolutionary ideas with his new institutionalist approach to economic analysis. As a critic of american consumer and commercial culture, he recast people as irrational, economic creatures act to pursue social status in relation to others at the expense of personal satisfaction obtained from respect for one’s self, and appreciation of friends and family; Preference for Status This should be restated, that the ‘high’ we get from acquiring status, especially if it is a false positive, and more so if it is a false positive that is insulated from easy refutation, is the highest ‘good’ humans will pursue. This is simply human chemistry at work. (for the vast majority of people there appear to be two consequences: (a) increase in consumption means a growing economy and (b) a lot of people seem to become extremely unhappy because of addiction to this form of inexpensive stimuli.) Social Order While Veblen’s emphasis on signaling was a correct observation, he failed to comprehend the utility of credit, consumption and signaling, for the purpose of creating beneficial incentives in a population. Nor did he understand, as did Hayek, that the consumption of liesure by the wealthy is effectively a research and development program that results in most luxury goods and services becoming available to all. Invariable Human Context His final criticism is that there is substantially no difference from our barbarian and feudal past: the very wealthy ignore society altogether except as a commercial vehicle, the aspirationally wealthy conspicuously demonstrate their consumption, and the middle and lower classes attempt to imitate that consumption. CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION – (Positive Signaling) The acquiring of luxury goods and services to publicly display the buyer’s income or the buyer’s accumulated wealth for the purpose of signaling social status. INVIDIOUS CONSUMPTION – (Negative Signaling) The deliberate conspicuous consumption of goods and services intended to provoke the envy of other people, as a means of displaying the buyer’s superior socio-economic status. CONSPICUOUS WASTE – Careless use of resources in an effort do signal wealth. CONSPICUOUS LIESURE – The consumption of leisure activities as signaling. (I disagree with this. Largely it is the only way to associate with peers, without having to trouble with the tedium of interacting with the lower classes.) For the upper proletarian, and majority middle class, it may be signaling, but for the upper class, it’s just the only way to be comfortable.) VICARIOUS CONSUMPTION – “When we see a butler in a tuxedo, a benefit accrues not to the butler but his ‘master.’ The butler is consuming vicariously for his boss.” VICARIOUS LEISURE – Leisure engaged in by wives, children, servants, or employees, as evidence of the wealth of the relationship to someone wealthy. THRESHOLD OF PERCEPTION, LIMIT OF PERCEPTION – (undone)

• It is the point at which you become aware of something.
• “start of perceiving”
• “moment of understanding”
• “point of acquisition of knowledge”

“where data becomes information”

TIME – Time, along with space and numbers, is a human conceptual technology, that like the other human technology: money, renders sequences of events commensurable. The fact that objects in the universe are constantly changing state, is separate from the fact that our memories evolved in such a way as to represent observations as events. Which is separate from the fact hat our memories evolved to represent events in a sequence. Which is separate our categorization of events according to some form of human utility. All of which are involuntary circumstances which are separate from the conceptual technology of time as a tool of commensurability between events. A tool without which it would be as impossible for us to render sequences commensurable as it would be to render any other objects’ quantities commensurable without numbers. TIME PREFERENCE, TIME BIAS and POPULATION PREFERENCE TIME PREFERENCE (GRATIFICATION) – Technically, Time Preference pertains to how large a premium a consumer will place on enjoyment nearer in time over more remote enjoyment. There is no absolute distinction that separates “high” (Short) and “low” (Long) time preference, only comparisons with others either individually or in aggregate. Someone with a high time preference is focused substantially on his well-being in the present and the immediate future relative to the average person, while someone with low time preference places more emphasis than average on their well-being in the further future. TIME BIAS (COGNITIVE BIAS) – A habitual decision making bias towards TIME PREFERENCE, is, as stated, a preference. TIME BIAS is, as stated, a bias. While both behaviors cause people to ‘bias’ the distribution of outcomes, a preference, when repeated over time, can, and appears to, especially least in old age, become an unconscious bias — and at some point develop into an unalterable characteristic of the individual due to the fact that the brain can no longer isolate memories and stimuli. (^Citation needed.) Therefore while there are biological tendencies that limit intertemporal calculation, and cultural tendencies that influence Time Preference because of explicit and environmental exposure and habituation , over time, a TIME PREFERENCE evolves into a TIME BIAS, and eventually a TEMPORAL DISABILITY. Effectively, inter-temporal calculation is a skill that requires increasingly complex knowledge of the means of production (where we mean, PRODUCTION in the broader sense). Time Preference (shorter and higher, versus longer and lower) is necessary property of the division of labor in society. Because people have different forecasting abilities due to different knowledge and intellectual abilities, and because they have different access to resources and relationships, and because their knowledge of production cycles vary from short to long, simple to complex, and because forecasting complex future states that each have different periodicities creates a problem of incommensurability, people therefore accumulate habits and skills along similar production cycles, even if their portfolio of skills contains a wide distribution of periodicities. As such, people cluster into groups whose members mutually rely upon ideas, outcomes, and production cycles, with similar periodicity – partly out simple utility. THerefore the division of knowledge and labor, is also a division of knowledge and labor and TIME. A division without which human beings could not cooperate in vast numbers. See ANALYTIC vs SYNTHETIC. (undone: write addendum to Cognitive Biases) Limits On Extending Time Preference Humans have different abilities to forgo gratification. Longer forecasts require more knowledge and greater intelligence. We learn at vastly different rates. Abstract goals and sentiments are transmitted from parent to child. Production processes having different periodicity appear to be cognitively incommensurable, or at least very complicated. Therefore it is NECESSARY that we form a division of knowledge and labor in society because it’s all we CAN do as people with unequal ability. Even if we can educate some people to have increasingly lower and longer time preferences, we cannot teach everyone to have the longest time preference, because they are not able to achieve it, and the division of labor and knowledge appears to require different time preferences. People cannot learn a longer time preference if it would render them incapable of productive action with the means at their disposal, or if they would be cognitively uncompetitive in production if they attempted to do so. The Class Effect Of Time Preference Time preferences is an indicator of social and economic class. Economic Class in a complex division of labor is largely (on average, not deterministically) a function of IQ range. IQ determines the ability to comprehend and manipulate complexity in real time. Forecasting in time is increasingly complicated as we extend our predictions out into the future. The fundamental problem for any society is extending the time preference of its top performers – in other words, creating the wise, rather than the cunning. Since the nobility as a class profits from ‘owning society’ it has the longest and lowest time preference. Hoppe himself has that time preference – because like everyone back to the Greeks, we are trying to solve the problem of politics – cooperation rather than conflict. THe assumption here, which appears to be justified, is that a society with longer time preference accumulates all forms of capital for longer term use and creates a more prosperous society that is DURABLE. This also brings into question whether property rights perpetuate across generations, which would be necessary if a society is to accumulate social order as one of the forms of capital. Nobility are those with longer time preference. Middle Class are those having a pragmatic time preference due to the need to maximize reward The lower classes are those that have the shortest time preference for both cultural, environmental, cognitive reasons. Cultural Time Preference When a group possesses a similar time preference, it becomes a BIAS. At the extremes, (such as the tribe that has no concept of history) it becomes a group cognitive bias. “Oprah’s Advice” She states: “If you want to make a decision that is important, think about how you will feel about it in an hour, a week, a month, a year, and ten years. If you will feel good about it over all those time periods, then it’s a good decision.” This is a useful bit of advice that teaches people to question their time preference. POPULATION PREFERENCE (PREFERENCE and BIAS) – (undone) – Just as people prefer shorter and longer outcomes, they also prefer outcomes that benefit themselves, their family, their friends and associates, others in their class and tribe, or others across different classes and tribes. TOTALITARIAN – 1. Designating, of, or characteristic of a government or state in which one political party or group maintains complete control under a dictatorship and bans all others. 2. Completely authoritarian, autocratic, dictatorial, etc. 3. A government that impinges upon the FREEDOM’s personal, property, political, national using one or more of the THREE COERCIVE STRATEGIES. (See my full analysis of FREEDOM.) – (undone) TRADE – (UNDONE) Exchange vs Market activity vs Knowledge and Speculation. Dependency upon a market, and upon territorial control. TRADE CYCLE / BUSINESS CYCLE – More popularly, the business cycle. The periodic rhythmical regularity of continuously recurring changes that are assumed to occur in aggregate economic activity. The phases of the trade cycle are loosely: a feverishly booming prosperity which ends in an acute crisis or panic; a period of liquidation, heavy unemployment and adjustment popularly known as a recession or depression; and a revival or recovery period that sets off an upsurge that leads to a new boom. TRADITION / TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE – A broad description that refers to TACIT knowledge that has been handed down over generations. The set of habits, narratives, sayings, taboos, justifications, morals, ethics and manners that are passed down from generation to generation. Examples: nursery rhymes, class values, manners, myths, stereotypes. See GENETIC FALLACY. TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS – The incalculability of un-owned resources. The danger of public property. Narrative: Imagine a commons, owned by none, and surrounded by privately owned plots of land. On each privately owned plot resides a herdsman with his herd. Each herdsman has a choice of letting his herd graze on his own piece of land or on the commons. When the herd grazes, it depletes the land and thus cannot be allowed to overgraze lest the land be ruined. Since each herdsman owns his own piece of land, he has the incentive to maintain and cultivate it, and thus wishes to prevent his herd from overgrazing and ruining it. But what of the commons? If he allows his herd to graze and deplete the commons, his own piece of land is left pristine. Thus, he accrues the benefits of grazing his herd, with none of the costs. Further, each herdsman knows that every other herdsman has the same incentive, to graze their herd on the commons over their own land, and therein lies the tragedy according to Hardin, for in that rational yet self interested analysis of each herdsmen ensues a mad dash to use up the commons before anyone else can, thereby ruining it. TRANSFER / VOLUNTARY TRANSFER / INVOLUNTARY TRANSFER / INVOLUNTARY TRANSFERS – Transfers are Payments that are made without any good or service being received in return. Voluntary transfers are those which the owner of the property desires. Involuntary transfers are those witch the owner of the property does not desire. Much PUBLIC SPENDING goes on as transfers in the form of redistributions. TRUTH – Comment: Humans have developed a large set of useful knowledge- tools and technology – for assisting them in extending their perception of the world, and their ability to make comparisons and calculations of objects and processes that are beyond their abilities without such tools. Humans are effective at living in the natural world as they could perceive it in pre-history, but the division of knowledge and labor has made both possible and necessary the extension of human knowledge by the means of these tools – these abstractions are abstractions because we cannot directly perceive them. Unfortunately, while some of these tools are useful, they are vague approximations of reality. In order for these tools to work, there must be methodologies – means of ‘testing’, or validating the descriptions of pseudo-reality. Our most common tool is equality: balance – the equal sign, double entry accounting, the calculus of differences in relative motion, general equilibrium, the correlation of , even general relativity and quantum mechanics. These are means of applying aggregates, sums, groups, collections, and balancing them, and in balancing them testing them. Unfortunately, any time you make a category, or an aggregate, you lose information. And when you lose information, in the aggregate, you lose a lot of information. Furthermore, in economics, we rely heavily on correlation between data sets, rather than on cause and effect analysis. And as such, our methods do not correspond to reality. And the results of those methods do not correspond to reality. So it is possible to employ a method with TRUTH TESTS that does not correspond to reality. Practitioners argue that these tools are better than nothing – that they are the only tool that they have to work with. But they are a tool that has proven incapable of prediction. And as a tool incapable of prediction, yet a tool that is used in public policy, this use of false-models is simply a means of LOAN SHARKING. Loan sharking that privatizes the wins for the government and the finance system, and socializes the losses to the people. Since the common people pay very few taxes today, perhaps this is a game for the upper quintiles where everyone wins, and the lower quintiles get products at a discount, and DOMESTIC INDEPENDENCE in exchange for loss of productive work and participation in productive society. But even if privatization and socialization are limited to the TAX CLASSES, the question remains as to whether the redistribution should be accelerated downward, especially if the result of LOAN SHARKING creates debt and emerges as a decline in the purchasing power of the currency. Truth is correspondence with reality. Identity is correspondence with reality. Identity is necessary to determine causation. Identity may be informative for action, or a distraction. But truth is correspondence with reality when we refer to the test OF a methodology. And the full test of any action is the complete set of consequences that result from the action. (undone – this subject needs a long treatment). TWO SECOND PRINCIPLE of cognition – (undone)

UNDERSTAND, UNDERSTANDING – the ability for a person to repeat, without external stimuli or further input, the cause and effect relationship between two or more concepts or events, by reference to an existing set of memories, and to retain that cause and effect relationship over a period of time, and able to reconstruct that cause and effect. Understanding is the process of constructing cause and effect in a narrative (sequential) format.UNEMPLOYMENT – The situation in which people are willing and able to work at current wage rates, but do not have jobs. UNIVERSAL / UNIVERSALIST – the belief that one’s values are desired by all humans and all cultures despite the impact that the status hierarchy would experience, and the breakdown in the social order that would accompany those values. Democratic Secular Humanism, Marxism and Islam, are UNIVERSALIST theologies. UNIVERSALS – A property or relation that can be instanced, or instantiated, by a number of particular things. A universal property can be in more than one place at one time and be actualized in more than one substance. USEFUL KNOWLEDGE / JUSTIFICATION KNOWLEDGE / AVOIDANCE KNOWLEDGE – Knowledge that assists and influences one to act. Knowledge that one use to justify inaction, knowledge that one uses to avoid action. UTILITARIANISM – The belief which maintains that the action that produces the greatest good for the greatest number is the moral choice. A school of thought, neutral as to ends, that holds that social cooperation, ethical precepts and governments are, or should be, merely useful means for helping the immense majority attain their chosen ends. It holds that the ultimate standard of good or bad as to means is the desirability or undesirability of their effects. It rejects the notions of human equality, of natural law, of government as an instrument to enforce the laws of God or Destiny; and of any social entity, such as society or the State, as an ultimate end. It recommends popular government, private property, tolerance, freedom and equality under law not because they are natural or just but because they are beneficial to the general welfare. UTOPIA / UTOPIAN – An utterly impractical plan or scheme for an ideal human existence which is unattainable because of the inherent character of man. Utopians are impractical idealists or dreamers removed from reality.

VALIDITY – Something which has been authenticated by reference to well-grounded and sufficient evidence. When I use this term, I mean it in the sense supplied by falsification: that it appears to be true given the knowledge that we have, and we have no evidence to the contrary.VERBALIZE, VERBALISATION – The putting of a proposition into words. VERBALISM – Imprecise emotive words that have no rational meaning: “An empty verbalism”. A phrase or sentence devoid or almost devoid of meaning. A use of words regarded as obscuring ideas or reality; VERIFICATION – The procedure required for the establishment of the truth or falsity of a statement. See TRUTH. VIOLENCE, THE VIRTUE OF VIOLENCE – (undone) VERIFY – 1. To prove to be true by demonstration, evidence, or testimony; confirm or substantiate. 2. To test or check the accuracy or correctness of, as by investigation, comparison with a standard, or reference to the facts. Contrast “SUBJECTIVE”.

WEALTH – The net ownership of material possessions and productive resources. In other words, the difference between physical and financial assets that you own and the liabilities that you owe. Wealth includes all of the tangible consumer stuff that you possess, like cars, houses, clothes, jewelry, etc.; any financial assets, like stocks, bonds, bank accounts, that you lay claim to; and your ownership of resources, including labor, capital, and natural resources. Of course, you must deduct any debts you owe. SEE income.WESTERN CIVILIZATION, EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION – (undone) 1) Civic Republicanism 2) Roman Law and Common Law 2) Aryanism, Paganism and Christianity and 4) Individualism, Competition, Innovation, Paternalism Masculine, heroic, individualist, expansionist, materialist, sky worshiping, technological, innovative, disruptive. CHRISTENDOM – In general, CHRISTENDOM has been replaced by the secular term WESTERN CIVILIZATION. Christendom refers to the Christian world. Consisting of Western Europe (anglo, germanic and latin) but also including Eastern Europe (slavic byzantine), North America (anglo), South America (hispanic), and Australia (anglo). In a historical or geopolitical sense the term usually refers collectively to Christian majority countries or countries in which Christianity dominates or was a territorial phenomenon. In a cultural sense it refers to the worldwide community of Christians, adherents of Christianity. Corpus Christianum. The Latin term Corpus Christianum is often translated as the Christian body, meaning the community of all Christians. The open issue is whether the hispanic world, which is, at it’s core south american indian, is part of secular Christendom or it’s own civilization. CHRISTIANITY – (undone) INDIVIDUALISM – (undone) PAGANISM – (undone) ARYANISM – (undone) NINE NATIONS OF NORTH AMERICA – (undone) PROBABILISM – (undone) LOAN SHARK – (undone) (discuss banking, probabilism, and the privatization of wins, and socialization of losses) WHIG – The Whigs were known as the “Country Party”, as opposed to the Tories, the “Court Party”. By the first half of the 19th century, the Whig political programme came to encompass not only the supremacy of parliament over the monarch and support for free trade, but Catholic emancipation, the abolition of slavery and, significantly, expansion of the franchise (suffrage). Whig republicanism had a significant effect on the american colonial thinkers. THE WISHING WELL METAPHOR / THE FOUNTAIN STORY – (undone)

[D]ebemos recordar que la forma en la cual se prueban las teorías no es una manera de justificarla pero al igual que cuando escribes una novela y le arrojas obstáculos enfrente a sus personajes durante el arco narrativo para ver si pueden sobrevivir o no es, en el caso de las teorías de los modelos libertarios lo que demuestran si la teoría es cierta o falsa.No importa que creamos. Sólo importa cual orden puede sobrevivir en competencia con otros órdenes. Los libertarios pasan mucho tiempo discutiendo el mejor gusto por su modelo, pero ninguno ha logrado ejecutar su modelo deseado. Hay una razón por la cual los libertarios discuten lo que les gusta Y no la forma de llegar a ello Y los métodos requeridos para alcanzar sus objetivos. Es porque cualquier intento de construir una metodología que informa al Analista no puede resultar en algo exitoso. El libertarianismo, al igual que el socialismo, Y el neo conservadurismo son religiones seculares utópicas Y no modelos institucionales que puedo sobrevivir a la competencia en un mercado político. Cuando hablamos de mercados pero no modelamos nuestro producto intelectual Y no lo igualamos al mismo estándar de prueba estamos condenados al fracaso. Alberto R. Zambrano U.

Ley natural – ¿que es la ley? Ley natural La ley natural es un término amplio Y con frecuencia aplicado de forma errónea a varias escuelas filosofía, ciencia, historia, teología, y ley. De hecho Immanuel Kant nos recuerda, “¿Que es la ley? Puede ser dicho de forma vergonzosa al jurista así Como la bien conocida pregunta “¿que es la verdad? al que estudia la lógica. La ley en sentido genérico, es un cuerpo de reglas de acción O conducta pre Escritas para controlar la autoridad Y tienen fuerza legal de obligatorio cumplimiento. Aquello que debe ser obedecido Y seguido por los ciudadanos caso contrario, son sujetos a sanciones O consecuencias legales, eso es la ley según el diccionario legal de Black en su sexta edición, página 883. La jurisprudencia es la filosofía de la ley de cómo la ley evolucionó. Ley natural- una teoría moral de jurisprudencia La ley natural es una teoría moral de jurisprudencia, te que la ley se debe fundamentar sobre la moralidad y la ética. La ley natural sostiene que la ley se basa sobre lo que es “correcto”. La ley natural se descubre por los seres humanos por medio del uso de la razón Y la elección entre el bien y el mal. Por ende la ley natural encuentra su poder cuando descubre ciertos estándares universales en materia de moralidad y ética. Ley natural- historia Los griegos: Sócrates, Platón y Aristóteles hicieron énfasis en la distinción entre “naturaleza” (physis, φúσις) y “ley”, “costumbre” y “convención” (nomos, νóμος). Lo que la ley ordena varía Lugar al lugar, pero lo que era “por naturaleza” debería ser lo mismo en todas partes. Aristóteles (A.C. 384-322) es considerado por muchos el padre de “la ley natural”. En “La Retórica”, Aristóteles arguye que aparte de las leyes “particulares” que cada pueblo ha desarrollado para sí, hay una “ley común” o “ley superior” que va acorde a la naturaleza (Retórica 1373b2-8). Los estoicos: El desarrollo de la teoría de la ley natural continuó durante la escuela helénica de la filosofía, particularmente con los estoicos. Los estoicos señalaron la existencia de un orden racional y con propósito del universo. Los medios por los cuales un ser racional vive de acuerdo con este orden cósmico que se considera ley natural. A diferencia de la “ley superior” de Aristóteles, la ley estoica es indiferente ante la fuente divina o natural de dicha ley. La filosofía estoica influyó mucho a los juristas romanos como Cicerón, por ende llevando a cabo un rol significativo el desarrollo de la teoría legal Romana. Los cristianos: Agustín (AC 354-430) igual a la ley natural con el estado previo a la caída del hombre. Por ende la vida de acuerdo a la naturaleza no es posible y la humanidad debe buscar la salvación por medio de la ley divina y la gracia de Cristo. Gracián (en el siglo XII) reconectó el concepto de la ley natural y la ley divina. “la raza humana se rige por dos cosas a saber: la ley natural y sus usos. La ley natural es lo que contiene la ley y el evangelio. Por medio de ella cada persona está obligada hacerle a otros lo que quiere que le hagan a ella misma Y se le prohíbe hacer a otros lo que no quiere que se le haga a ella misma. (Decretum, D.1 d.a.c.1; ca 1140 AD). Los pensadores de la ilustración (desde 1600 -2016) (Bacon/ Inglés, Locke/Inglés, Jefferson/Anglo-germano, Hayek/Austríaco, Rothbard/Judío, Hoppe/Alemán, Doolittle/Americano) El intento de hacer querer madurar la ley empírica estoica, romana, germánica, y británica al convertirla en una lógica formal en donde todos los derechos son reducidos a Derechos de propiedad, la ley se construye estrictamente a partir de la prohibición de la imposición de costos te podría causar retaliación el incremento en los costos, riesgos, Y posibilidades de cooperación, que crea prosperidad en la división de la percepción, comisión, conocimiento, trabajo, y activismo. En otras palabras la ley natural evolucionó de la ley común empírica, como la categoría formal de la propiedad, lógica, construcción, (empírico a partir de la observación), y la ciencia (mejora continua) de la cooperación humana. Desde este punto de vista la ética, economía, ley, política, constituyen la ciencia de la cooperación: la ciencia social. Todo lo demás es justificación activista, literatura y propaganda. Ley natural- conclusión Al final ¿de dónde viene la ley? La teoría de la ley natural mantiene que ciertas leyes morales trascienden a través del tiempo, cultura y gobiernos. Hay estándares universales que aplican a toda la humanidad a lo largo de los tiempos. Estos estándares morales universales son inherentes y todos nosotros los podemos descubrir. Forman la base de una sociedad justa. Alberto R. Zambrano U. disponible en http://propertarianism.wordpress.com/en_US/2016/08/17/natural-law-expanded-by-doolittle/