Theme: Institution

  • When Did The Capitalist Regime Under Which We Currently Live *begin*?

    INTERESTING QUESTION. I”LL TRY TO DO IT JUSTICE.

    The west has been more ‘capitalist’ since its inception 4500 years ago, because it’s been more individualistic, and it’s property rights have been more widely distributed and therefore power has been distributed and balanced for most of our history.   It’s also true that enfranchisement in those property rights has expanded and contracted along with prosperity. YOu had more under rome, and less under feudalism.  More under english common law, and less under european napoleonic law.  More in the 19th century and less today.

    ‘Capitalistic’ means that property rights are distributed.  ‘Socialistic’ means that property rights are concentrated in the state.  The concentration of large amounts of credit under a network of contracts is illogical and unnecessary under concentrated socialistic  systems that we associate with totalitarian governments.

    You could argue that the invention of Venetian accounting, followed by English and Dutch mercantilism is the origin of our modern political model, and that it was formalized into language by Smith, Hume, and the American Constitution.

    Most people, I think, would argue that Napoleon created the nation state and the concept of ‘total war’ and that the system of credit that developed in response to the Napoleonic wars was the origin of our capitalist state.

    Others would argue that the 20th century development of fiat money, fiat credit, the practice of regulating unemployment, and the state as the insurer of last resort was probably when we developed an institutional balance between capitalism, socialism and corporatism.

    Most modern states are ‘capitalistic’ in that they use consumer capitalism and individual property rights to run their economies.  Most modern states levy taxes and and redistribute those taxes under the social democratic thesis that we must have capitalism but we can abscond with a considerable amount of the profits people make, and treat those profits as common property, even if all property is held privately.  Most modern states subsidize key industries as a means of creating an internationally competitive product that gives the country an economic advantage – this is corporatism.

    When the socialist movements succeeded in Europe and Canada, they did not succeed in the USA – probably because we were the military and political center of western civilization in the post war period. Instead, the combination of the Vietnam war, the temporary economic rise of the proletariat due to the rest of the world’s economic collapse from the war, the increase in proletarian birth rates that gave us the 60’s and 70’s, the racial movement of the 60’s,  feminism because of birth control, and various other factors led to a fracturing of american society that continues to effect us to this day.  

    It had become apparent that socialism had failed in theory (incentives and calculation) and as the 70’s progressed we learned that the great society programs ambitions were also a failure, so socialism was a failure in practice. And finally in the 90’s we saw the collapse of world communism and the universal adoption of consumer capitalism.

    1) Starting in the 50’s progressives and liberals (socialists) began trying to develop a philosophical and political framework given that socialism was failing in theory, and because the american people were not ‘buying it’.  This system of philosophy was called ‘postmodernism’.  Postmodernism is an attempt to use the technique of monotheistic religious dogma to propagate falsehoods, that must be passionately treated as moral truths (equality, equality of outcome, relativity of morals except postmodern morals, relativity of cultures except western culture which is bad, and a dozen more.)  Postmodernism and postmodernists have been successful and has effectively become the state religion in america. This is because it both sells goods and services, as well as promotes concentration of power in the state.

    2) Staring in the 70’s conservatives and libertarians developed a series of strategies to combat socialism and postmodernism.  This included what we see today in think tanks, policies, and ideologies.  All of which were designed to combat the state.

    These ideas fell into the following groups:

    1) The most rigid was that the state would bankrupt capitalism, and destroy our traditional society if capitalists didn’t bankrupt the state first.  This meant effectively hiring the corporations and financial empires by granting them privileges and protecting them from taxation.  This approach has been successful – mostly, because Keynesian economic policy requires that the government use the financial sector to insert money into the economy, and the profit available to the financial sector provides them with the incentive to fight the state.

    2) The more practical approach was to promote libertarian policy solutions to social democratic problems, which would accomplish redistribution without empowering the state and expanding its bureaucracy.   This approach has been marginally successful. Most voucher systems or privatization in both Europe and America, were the result of these libertarian ideas.

    3) The ancient approach has been used too. The purpose of organized religion is largely to oppose the state. As the state has grown, the more traditional segments of the populace have turned increasingly fundamentalist as a means of opposing the state. For ancient reasons, it is not possible in america to interfere with religion.  And religions determine the limits of political power.  So religious fervor has increased as a means of opposing the state’s attack on the nuclear family and traditional roles for men and women – and therefore the status signals available to people in nuclear families.

    4) The marxists were extremely successful in promoting ideology instead of philosophy – ideology is a collection of statements for the purpose of obtaining power by appealing to emotions instead of reason.  (This is, again, a tactic taken from the monotheistic religions.)  The conservative and libertarian think tanks began promoting conservative and libertarian ideology, as well as launching news networks and talk radio shows as well as books and magazines.  Ideology and religion are more effective than reason in a population because we are, in total, when voting, expressing our moral feelings, not our rational understanding.

    THE RESULT

    Capitalist ideology (libertarian and aristocratic conservative) , and socialist ideology (postmodernism and democratic socialism) are opposing means of running a society and so we are constantly subjected to extremist arguments form both sized.  Meanwhile we vote our morals. And our morals are almost entirely a reflection of our reproductive strategy.  Since women have more in common in their reproductive strategy than do men, as the number of single women and single mothers increases, the vote continues to move to the socialistic (feminine) social model.  However, immigration and the minioritization of the white population are causing a consolidation of parties into racial and gender distributions that are fairly predictable.

    So most of it is noise.

    ON CAPITALISM

    It is not possible to have any means of production that is not capitalistic. Money and prices contain information and convey incentives that cannot be done in this level of complexity by other means.  However, it is also true that it is possible to expropriate the profits from individuals and redistribute them while preserving the capitalist system of information and incentives.

    Given that a population is small and heterogeneous enough, it appears that a combination of socialistic redistribution and capitalistic production is politically possible. However, heterogeneous societies resist redistribution and increase competition and friction in the state.

    For this reason we will likely continue to have friction here in America until the demographic system plays out with white minority status, and likely some serious conflict at that point.

    YOUR ANSWER

    The capitalistic system evolved over thousands of years and is one of the primary reasons why the west, despite being small, poor, and on the fringe, developed rapidly both in its ancient and modern periods.

    Today we are in less of a capitalistic system but capitalistic rhetoric is very high because of the minoritization of whites, and the opposition to the state. 

    Furthermore, regardless of rhetoric you will always live under a capitalistic system because it’s not possible to coordinate a complex division of knowledge and labor without capitalism.


    I hope this helps provide some clarity amidst the nonsense we are subject to every day.

    Curt Doolittle
    The Propertarian Institute
    Kiev

    https://www.quora.com/When-did-the-capitalist-regime-under-which-we-currently-live-*begin*

  • When Did The Capitalist Regime Under Which We Currently Live *begin*?

    INTERESTING QUESTION. I”LL TRY TO DO IT JUSTICE.

    The west has been more ‘capitalist’ since its inception 4500 years ago, because it’s been more individualistic, and it’s property rights have been more widely distributed and therefore power has been distributed and balanced for most of our history.   It’s also true that enfranchisement in those property rights has expanded and contracted along with prosperity. YOu had more under rome, and less under feudalism.  More under english common law, and less under european napoleonic law.  More in the 19th century and less today.

    ‘Capitalistic’ means that property rights are distributed.  ‘Socialistic’ means that property rights are concentrated in the state.  The concentration of large amounts of credit under a network of contracts is illogical and unnecessary under concentrated socialistic  systems that we associate with totalitarian governments.

    You could argue that the invention of Venetian accounting, followed by English and Dutch mercantilism is the origin of our modern political model, and that it was formalized into language by Smith, Hume, and the American Constitution.

    Most people, I think, would argue that Napoleon created the nation state and the concept of ‘total war’ and that the system of credit that developed in response to the Napoleonic wars was the origin of our capitalist state.

    Others would argue that the 20th century development of fiat money, fiat credit, the practice of regulating unemployment, and the state as the insurer of last resort was probably when we developed an institutional balance between capitalism, socialism and corporatism.

    Most modern states are ‘capitalistic’ in that they use consumer capitalism and individual property rights to run their economies.  Most modern states levy taxes and and redistribute those taxes under the social democratic thesis that we must have capitalism but we can abscond with a considerable amount of the profits people make, and treat those profits as common property, even if all property is held privately.  Most modern states subsidize key industries as a means of creating an internationally competitive product that gives the country an economic advantage – this is corporatism.

    When the socialist movements succeeded in Europe and Canada, they did not succeed in the USA – probably because we were the military and political center of western civilization in the post war period. Instead, the combination of the Vietnam war, the temporary economic rise of the proletariat due to the rest of the world’s economic collapse from the war, the increase in proletarian birth rates that gave us the 60’s and 70’s, the racial movement of the 60’s,  feminism because of birth control, and various other factors led to a fracturing of american society that continues to effect us to this day.  

    It had become apparent that socialism had failed in theory (incentives and calculation) and as the 70’s progressed we learned that the great society programs ambitions were also a failure, so socialism was a failure in practice. And finally in the 90’s we saw the collapse of world communism and the universal adoption of consumer capitalism.

    1) Starting in the 50’s progressives and liberals (socialists) began trying to develop a philosophical and political framework given that socialism was failing in theory, and because the american people were not ‘buying it’.  This system of philosophy was called ‘postmodernism’.  Postmodernism is an attempt to use the technique of monotheistic religious dogma to propagate falsehoods, that must be passionately treated as moral truths (equality, equality of outcome, relativity of morals except postmodern morals, relativity of cultures except western culture which is bad, and a dozen more.)  Postmodernism and postmodernists have been successful and has effectively become the state religion in america. This is because it both sells goods and services, as well as promotes concentration of power in the state.

    2) Staring in the 70’s conservatives and libertarians developed a series of strategies to combat socialism and postmodernism.  This included what we see today in think tanks, policies, and ideologies.  All of which were designed to combat the state.

    These ideas fell into the following groups:

    1) The most rigid was that the state would bankrupt capitalism, and destroy our traditional society if capitalists didn’t bankrupt the state first.  This meant effectively hiring the corporations and financial empires by granting them privileges and protecting them from taxation.  This approach has been successful – mostly, because Keynesian economic policy requires that the government use the financial sector to insert money into the economy, and the profit available to the financial sector provides them with the incentive to fight the state.

    2) The more practical approach was to promote libertarian policy solutions to social democratic problems, which would accomplish redistribution without empowering the state and expanding its bureaucracy.   This approach has been marginally successful. Most voucher systems or privatization in both Europe and America, were the result of these libertarian ideas.

    3) The ancient approach has been used too. The purpose of organized religion is largely to oppose the state. As the state has grown, the more traditional segments of the populace have turned increasingly fundamentalist as a means of opposing the state. For ancient reasons, it is not possible in america to interfere with religion.  And religions determine the limits of political power.  So religious fervor has increased as a means of opposing the state’s attack on the nuclear family and traditional roles for men and women – and therefore the status signals available to people in nuclear families.

    4) The marxists were extremely successful in promoting ideology instead of philosophy – ideology is a collection of statements for the purpose of obtaining power by appealing to emotions instead of reason.  (This is, again, a tactic taken from the monotheistic religions.)  The conservative and libertarian think tanks began promoting conservative and libertarian ideology, as well as launching news networks and talk radio shows as well as books and magazines.  Ideology and religion are more effective than reason in a population because we are, in total, when voting, expressing our moral feelings, not our rational understanding.

    THE RESULT

    Capitalist ideology (libertarian and aristocratic conservative) , and socialist ideology (postmodernism and democratic socialism) are opposing means of running a society and so we are constantly subjected to extremist arguments form both sized.  Meanwhile we vote our morals. And our morals are almost entirely a reflection of our reproductive strategy.  Since women have more in common in their reproductive strategy than do men, as the number of single women and single mothers increases, the vote continues to move to the socialistic (feminine) social model.  However, immigration and the minioritization of the white population are causing a consolidation of parties into racial and gender distributions that are fairly predictable.

    So most of it is noise.

    ON CAPITALISM

    It is not possible to have any means of production that is not capitalistic. Money and prices contain information and convey incentives that cannot be done in this level of complexity by other means.  However, it is also true that it is possible to expropriate the profits from individuals and redistribute them while preserving the capitalist system of information and incentives.

    Given that a population is small and heterogeneous enough, it appears that a combination of socialistic redistribution and capitalistic production is politically possible. However, heterogeneous societies resist redistribution and increase competition and friction in the state.

    For this reason we will likely continue to have friction here in America until the demographic system plays out with white minority status, and likely some serious conflict at that point.

    YOUR ANSWER

    The capitalistic system evolved over thousands of years and is one of the primary reasons why the west, despite being small, poor, and on the fringe, developed rapidly both in its ancient and modern periods.

    Today we are in less of a capitalistic system but capitalistic rhetoric is very high because of the minoritization of whites, and the opposition to the state. 

    Furthermore, regardless of rhetoric you will always live under a capitalistic system because it’s not possible to coordinate a complex division of knowledge and labor without capitalism.


    I hope this helps provide some clarity amidst the nonsense we are subject to every day.

    Curt Doolittle
    The Propertarian Institute
    Kiev

    https://www.quora.com/When-did-the-capitalist-regime-under-which-we-currently-live-*begin*

  • How Does The Role Of A Startup Cto Change Over Time?

    Depends upon the technical dependency of the business. You start with designing the product or offering, and building a team. You end up selling to customers, administering talent, constraining budgets,  allocating in investments, and briefing (educating) the management team.   If you educate the rest of the management team well enough then your job should simplify dramatically over time. If  you fail to do that, your job becomes worse over time, and your political power declines.

    https://www.quora.com/How-does-the-role-of-a-startup-CTO-change-over-time

  • CULTURAL MANAGEMENT STYLES : UNCOMFORTABLE LIBERTARIANISM So, I have all these U

    CULTURAL MANAGEMENT STYLES : UNCOMFORTABLE LIBERTARIANISM

    So, I have all these Ukrainian guys now. And, it’s hysterical fascinating trying to get them out of hierarchical thinking. In America, if yo say “you’re a partner” and give someone stock, they pretty much act like an owner, and relegate you as CEO to judge and jury.

    But here, it’s pretty hard. Just no concept of it. Right ethics, but no mental model. They guys are capable but just can’t comprehend it.

    I have all these things I say like:

    “It’s unscientific for me to think I know all the answers. It’s just that I have the need to make decisions in real time with the information at my disposal.”

    Or “My ego isn’t tied up in being right. My ego is tied up in developing a product that sells.”

    or “I don’t think I know anything. Argue with me. Either you’re able to make your case or you’re not. If do I’ll just say…. Damn. You’re right. Watch me. I say it all the time.”

    Or “I gave you this feature and the direction to use your judgement in developing it. Why do you think I did that? To trip you up? Or to leave open the possibility that I’m wrong, and that you might improve on my ideas?”

    Or (my favorite) “I have a very hard time believing that you’re not smart enough to make that decision without my input.”

    Or “If I wanted people to just do what I tell them, I’d hire idiots. You don’t think I hired you, and paid you above market rates because you’re an idiot, do you?” (Love that one. No way out of it.)

    They are getting their slowly.


    Source date (UTC): 2013-06-08 05:41:00 UTC

  • Why Are Gay People Asking For The Right To Marry? If It Is Legal Stuff They Are Asking For, Can’t They Go To Some Separate Setup For Partners?

    1) Corporeal Assets. Because “marriage” under the corporeal state is in fact a CORPORATION, with two shareholders, and all property not specifically set aside in a prenuptial agreement is contributed to, and an asset of, the CORPORATION upon creation of the marriage corporation.  A marriage corporation is a significant benefit to those who enter into them. Economically, a marriage corporation is much more advantageous than an living as an individual (sole proprietorship). Not the least of which is because of the increased credit that is available, and the decreased statistical risk that married couples exhibit.

    2) Parity Membership. (status equality) Because homosexuality is instinctively ostracized in most cultures, and people don’t like being ostracized.  First as a ‘defect’ and secondly as a ‘immoral corruption’.  It appears that homosexuality is an in-utero genetically caused ‘defect’, that ‘defect’ has no negative consequences OTHER than those that derive from our instinctual biases. Secondly, as an in-utero defect, it is not a CHOICE and therefore not a matter of ‘immoral corruptoin’ or a danger to those who are ‘normal’.  As such we have enough knowledge to counter our instinctual biases, and enough knowledge to abandon our cultural biases.

    As such, no longer deserving stigma, homosexuals, as any healthy social human, desire ‘acceptance’ (to receive positive status signals) in the society.

    3) Binding commitment.  Homosexuals demonstrate high levels of promiscuity – and unlike heterosexuals, whose promiscuity creates the problem of children without economic support – there is little harm to it.  As such the function of a marriage corporation creates a greater economic incentive in support of preventing promiscuity and preserving both the economic and emotional investments we make.

    4) Pledge of commitment: The promise of a marriage will tend to give each of us access to superior mates (yes it does).  Without this pledge of commitment homosexuals do not have the way demonstrate their commitment to quality partners.  Trust is a difficult thing to come by.

    5) Conformity to norms. In an effort to obtain the right of marriage the homosexual community has ‘reigned in’ its more extravagant public behavior, which has reduced the level of objection prevoiusly held by moderates.  Further, unlike women’s rights activists and racial activists, homosexuals are not asking for redistribution benefits, OR for other special rights – other than the questionable ‘hate crimes’ that is already in force.

    RESISTANCE BY RELIGIOUS GROUPS
    6) Religions are the last resistance to homosexual marriage.  This is partly for doctrinal reasons, and partly because the gay community aligned with the feminist, and left political wings, and in doing so, added to what religious groups consider an attack on the nuclear family, on traditional male and female roles, to the status signals available to those who fulfill traditional male and female roles – and from their perspective, an attack on civilization itself. This voting block is both activist and uniform, and provides a resistance to both the expansionary state and to culture.  For this reason the real opposition for homosexuals is in fact, organized religion, because organized religion is the source of the nuclear family’s traditional moral legitimacy.


    I hope that is a sufficient answer for you. Although I did have to rush the end a bit.   – Cheers.

    https://www.quora.com/Why-are-gay-people-asking-for-the-right-to-marry-If-it-is-legal-stuff-they-are-asking-for-cant-they-go-to-some-separate-setup-for-partners

  • What Do Foreigners Find Most Annoying About Americans?

    GENERAL NOTE ON AMERICAN IGNORANCE AND ANNOYANCE
    1) Our nationalism was intentionally created in order to fight the world wars, then to win the cold war against the plague of international communism. Americans are actually naturally insular.  THe problem is that we’re stuck with running this empire that we inherited from the brits, and the europeans won’t carry their own water.

    2)  Americans are wealthy enough so that even our ignorant lower classes can afford to travel. Like every other culture, our ignorant lower classes outnumber middle and upper middle classes.

    3) I think our ignorance is not the issue that’s so frustrating – the entire world has the same distribution of ignorance in their societies. But Americans have the highest measurable CONFIDENCE in the world (an intentional goal of our education system).  And its the combination of average ignorance and overstated confidence that’s so annoying.

    Heck. I find it annoying.  ;/

    https://www.quora.com/What-do-foreigners-find-most-annoying-about-Americans

  • Can Anarchy Be Feasibly Set Up?

    THANK YOU FOR ASKING ME TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION

    I’ll try to do give the the best answer that is available to us today.

    1) If we define anarchy as the absence of RULES (MORALS AND NORMS), then no – without morals and norms humans cannot cooperate.
    2) If we define anarchy as the absence of LAWS and JUDGES then no. Without contracts and the common law support of contracts, then no, not in any meaningful sense.
    3) If we define anarchy as the absence of GOVERNMENT (meaning group of people who coordinate investments in commons then possibly anarchy can exist, but under very constrained and simple conditions. Realistically it would be very hard for these people to compete economically with people from other groups.
    4) If we define anarchy as the absence of LAW MAKERS then almost certainly. The common law alone is sufficient for law making.
    5) If we define anarchy as the absence of an abstract corporation we call the ‘STATE’, then absolutely certainly. In fact, when people complain about government they generally are complaining about the behavior of individuals in a monopoly (government) who are insulated from competition, and whose members also for a bureaucracy that is insulated from competition, and who, as members of a bureaucracy, pursue their own interests. 

    Human societies employ at least these five sets of institutions and by and large, the first three are necessary, and the second two are not.  The question is whether in practice a group could compete effectively without the abstract state and the ability to issue commands (we call them laws, but that’s just a way of trying to give commands the legitimacy of natural laws to what are just political ‘commands’.) 

    So, a homogenous body of people who are not very different in character, belief, genetics, status, and wealth can quite easily create anarchy by writing a constitution with just one a half a dozen rules in it, and then hopefully finding judges that will rule according to those rules and no others.

    A government lf laws then, is quite possible.  A government of men isn’t necessary.  And it’s what our founding fathers were trying to prevent.

    Didn’t work well though. Civil war and all that….

    REGARDING “IN A PARTICULAR WORLD”

    Among a population of people with common heritage, mythology, manners, ethics and morals, who are arguably closely related, it is entirely feasible to draft a constitutions and to supply all services by private institutions.  The problem is whether that LACK of a constitutional government creates an opportunity for a private organization to functionally serve the same purpose, and in that same capacity, eventually develop the monopolistic self serviig bureaucracy that evolves the ability to write laws (issue commands) 

    The general argument in favor of minimal government is that some form of government (weak monarchy for example that ‘owns’ the institutions of dispute resolution) is necessary simply to provide competition against other private organizations that would attempt to function as governments.   I do not believe it is possible to counter this argument in any way – it’s quite sound in both theory and practice. ( Although I’m not going to sidetrack into that kind of depth at the moment. )

    IN A BROADER WORLD
    The anarchic research program commonly referred to as “Anarcho Capitalism” has developed a set of solutions to the problem of institutions, using competing private insurance companies rather than public monopolies.  However, this ‘private government’ still does not solve the problem of heterogenous polities (people with different, competing, and irreconcilable differences.).  Some of us are working on that problem.  We tend to call it some variation of ‘contractual’ government.  Meaning that groups make contracts between competing classes rather than allow one class to dominate another class by majority rule. 

    There is no functional reason why this solution would not work even for large heterogenous polities.

    So there are at least two circumstances under which Anarchy is possible, if we define anarchy as the absence of a monopolistic bureaucracy, but not if we define anarchy as the absence of institutions, rules or law. 

    Fundamentally speaking, it is illogical to suggest that a “polyopoly” of property rights and definitions is possible since a homogenous definition of property right is necessary in order to logically resolve disputes over rights, obligations and conflicts.  If there is a monopoly of property rights at any point, that monopolistic definition, in practice, is the premise for all law within that group of people.  Therefore even without the institutions of administrative government, any monopoly of property rights is in fact ‘government’.  Everything else is just procedure.

    That logic may be hard to follow.  But it is what it is.  🙂

    Curt

    https://www.quora.com/Can-anarchy-be-feasibly-set-up

  • IN AN HEROIC MYTHOS… the loss of community participation caused by the state c

    IN AN HEROIC MYTHOS…

    the loss of community participation caused by the state conquest of previously voluntary institutions, and the loss of the nuclear family, and the lack of scarcity for labor caused by immigration has left the men in the middle without the vehicle for obtaining status signals.

    It is unlikely that without supporting access to status signals, these men will retain their affectation and pursuit of heroic signals in the face of futility.

    Instead they will adopt resignatory urban metrosexuality, mediterranean and middle eastern bravado, and technological entertainment escapism. Others will check out of society and simply live de minimus lives. Others will try, fail, become enslaved to child support, and perpetual poverty in their maturity.

    They will degenerate into this state until either the culture of abandonment becomes pervasive or they find some idea around which to organize.

    The dream is still sufficiently familiar that drop outs do not consider themselves a class with common interests and goals.


    Source date (UTC): 2013-05-26 15:34:00 UTC

  • PRIVATIZE IRS INSPECTORS AND REQUIRE (a) they have a law degree, and (b) they ar

    PRIVATIZE IRS INSPECTORS AND REQUIRE (a) they have a law degree, and (b) they are CPA’s, and (c) that they are bonded and insured – just like lawyers and doctors.

    This will mean that only very good people will conduct audits and investigations, and that their careers will depend on their neutrality.

    It also means that they will make quite a bit of money, won’t waste their time, will protect their ‘meal ticket’, and will be in short supply, so we don’t have to see them very often.

    Of course, just doing away with the entire institution would be better… 😉


    Source date (UTC): 2013-05-15 09:06:00 UTC

  • PRIVATIZE IRS INSPECTORS AND REQUIRE (a) they have a law degree, and (b) they ar

    PRIVATIZE IRS INSPECTORS AND REQUIRE (a) they have a law degree, and (b) they are CPA’s, and (c) that they are bonded and insured – just like lawyers and doctors.

    This will mean that only very good people will conduct audits and investigations, and that their careers will depend on their neutrality.

    Of course, just doing away with the entire institution would be better… 😉


    Source date (UTC): 2013-05-15 09:05:00 UTC