Theme: Constitutional Order

THE DIFFERENCE IN “EQUALITY” OVER TIME
–“Q: How does the greek (athenian) concept of equality differ from the christian, founding fathers, and the contemporary concepts of equality?”–

Simple Version: Participation by demonstrated responsibility for private and common.

HISTORY
The concept of equality has evolved significantly from ancient Athens to the contemporary era, reflecting different philosophical, cultural, and political influences:

1. Athenian Concept of Equality
Athenian Democracy (5th Century BCE):
(Meritocracy)

Political Equality (Isonomia): The Athenian concept of equality primarily referred to political equality among free male citizens. Isonomia meant equality before the law, where all citizens had the right to participate in the political process, such as voting in the assembly, holding public office, and serving on juries.
Exclusivity: This concept of equality was highly exclusive. It did not extend to women, slaves, or foreigners (metics). Only a minority of the population (free Athenian males) enjoyed these rights.
Direct Democracy: Athenian democracy was direct, meaning citizens participated personally in decision-making rather than through elected representatives.

2. Christian Concept of Equality
Christian Doctrine (1st Century CE onwards):
(Bringing In The Lower Classes)

Spiritual Equality: Christianity introduced the idea of spiritual equality, emphasizing that all humans are equal in the eyes of God. This is rooted in the belief that all people are created in the image of God (Imago Dei) and have inherent worth.
Moral and Ethical Equality: Christianity promotes the notion that everyone should be treated with love and respect, as exemplified by the teachings of Jesus, such as the Golden Rule: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.”
Non-Exclusivity: Universal Inclusivity: Unlike the Athenian concept, Christian equality is universal, extending to all people regardless of gender, social status, or ethnicity. This idea laid the groundwork for later social justice movements, although its implementation has varied historically.

3. Founding Fathers’ Concept of Equality
American Founding Fathers (18th Century):
(Shifting to the Middle Classes Distribution of Power)

Exclusivity: Initially, this concept was limited in practice to Free European Christian Men demostrating capacity for responsibility to ownership of property – meaning productivity. Slavery persisted, and women and non-property-owning men were excluded from many political rights.
Natural Rights and Equality: The Founding Fathers, influenced by Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke, posited that all men are created equal and endowed with certain unalienable rights, including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This is articulated in the Declaration of Independence.
Legal and Political Equality: The American Revolution emphasized legal and political equality, particularly the idea that government should derive its power from the consent of the governed, ensuring that laws applied equally to all citizens.

4. Contemporary Concepts of EqualityZ
Modern Liberal Democracies:
(Undermining Meritocracy, Responsibility, and Coherence, by Restoring. Authority)
Equality Before the Law: Modern democracies uphold the principle that all individuals should be treated equally under the law, with protections against discrimination based on race, gender, religion, and other characteristics.
Equality of Opportunity: Contemporary views on equality often emphasize equality of opportunity, where individuals should have the same chances to succeed, regardless of their background. This includes access to education, employment, and political participation.
Social and Economic Equality: There is also a growing emphasis on reducing social and economic inequalities. This includes efforts to address income disparity, healthcare access, and social justice through policies like affirmative action, social welfare programs, and progressive taxation.
Counter-Responsibility: Intersectionality: Contemporary equality concepts consider “intersectionality”, acknowledging that people can face multiple, overlapping forms of discrimination and disadvantage, rather than demand for integration and participation and status by demonstrated responsibility.

Curt Doolittle
The Natural Law Institute