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Minimum Functional Criteria (Necessary)
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Economic Performance Criteria (Necessary and Contingent)
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Civilizational Stability Criteria (Systemic)
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Money reduces the friction of cooperation by providing a universal intermediary measure.
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To do so, it must satisfy minimum physical/operational preconditions (divisible, portable, durable, recognizable, non-counterfeitable, fungible).
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Once those conditions are met, it must meet economic performance criteria enabling saving, exchange, and pricing.
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Once those are met, it must avoid governance failureâbecause money is a commons subject to political predation.
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Failure at any layer forces regression to barter, credit networks, foreign currencies, or black-market substitutes.
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Therefore, money is a function, not a substance: an instrument that minimizes conflict in exchange by providing commensurability across time, space, and persons.